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Abstract
This paper analyzes the parking behavior of United Nations diplomats in New York City and highlights the key limitation of an earlier work which claims cultural norms to be the significant determinant of corruption. We show that after controlling for Government Effectiveness index, which measures the quality of civil services and quality and quantity of public infrastructure in a country, the effect of culture on corruption becomes insignificant. However, the Country Corruption index and the Government Effectiveness index are strongly correlated which makes it difficult to identify the causal determinant of corruption. It is important to keep this correlation in mind before arriving at conclusions from empirical studies, because Country Corruption index could be proxying for other influences such as Government Effectiveness index, and ignoring this might lead us to falsely attribute the observed behavior to cultural or social norms alone. Understanding the relative importance of these potential causes of corruption is fundamental to policy recommendations.

Governments around the world are starting to recognise the need for a new approach to social service delivery. One that places emphasis on identifying innovative ideas, testing their effectiveness and scaling up programs that prove successful. The main hurdles to this new approach are a lack of up-front funding, inability to sustain focus on performance and a reluctance to take on the risk of failure. The impact investment ecosystem is designed to overcome these challenges. With an active social enterprise space and an engaged investment market, impact investing takes advantage of private sector efficiency and capital to achieve public sector goals. With this report, we aim to provide an analysis of the impact investment sector in India and its potential to achieve social good. The study brings together wide-ranging analyses undertaken between February 2018 and April 2019. Structured around four key tenets of impact investment market activity — market trends in India, sector-level analysis, innovative financing and measurements— it takes the reader through the major trends that have shaped the Indian impact investment environment and offers specific recommendations. A special focus is placed on the key social themes of health, education and agriculture. The methodological approach put forth by the study will help identify the essential tenets for the development of this ecosystem, and layout clear, actionable recommendations for implementation by major stakeholders. Through undertaking an in-depth desk and literature review and a primary survey, the report aims to equip key stakeholders with the core conditions for decision-making across different facets of impact investment market activity. Armed with these learnings, readers will be poised to play a major part in the creation of a social financing ecosystem in India.

Reviving Higher Education in India Hindi India has seen a dramatic increase in the capacity of its higher education sector in the last two decades. Enrollment in higher education has increased four-fold since 2001. However, many important questions such as the quality of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and employment of graduates merit further examination. In this report, the authors address these questions by examining the enrollment trend and patterns; graduation and employment patterns; and the quality assurance framework for HEIs in India. They also track the policy shifts that enabled this expansion. They offer context to Indias expansion by comparing it to other countries. They also compare the growth of Indias higher education sector to that of China over the last 25 years. ; The Brookings Institution India Center