Suchergebnisse

It is now clear that the original integrative goals are beyond the reach of the European Community. At the same time it is equally clear that the Community has been playing an increasingly important part in relations among the member states and has been functioning as a bloc in an imposing range of international negotiations. The Community's policy role varies, however, within and among sectors in ways which resist generalization and explanation. This article traces patterns in the Community's policy record and relates those patterns to discontinuities in the political structure of the European Community—in particular, to weak linkages between Community institutions and grass roots and elite politics at the national level. The result is a Community which can be expected to play a prominent but decidedly derivative role in the political, economic, and social problems facing Western Europe in the years immediately ahead.

It is now clear that the original integrative goals are beyond the reach of the European Community. At the same time it is equally clear that the Community has been playing an increasingly important part in relations among the member states & has been functioning as a bloc in an imposing range of international negotiations. The Community's policy role varies, however, within & among sectors in ways which resist generalization & explanation. Patterns in the Community's policy record are traced & related to discontinuities in the political structure of the European Community -- in particular, to weak linkages between Community institutions & grass roots & elite politics at the national level. The result is a Community which can be expected to play a prominent but decidedly derivative role in the political, economic, & social problems facing Western Europe in the years immediately ahead. Modified HA.

The concept of rule of law in criminal process is based on the assumption that social differences can & should be screened out of criminal proceedings. Both propositions are questionable. Three principal approaches to the politics of criminal process are reviewed: conflict between crime control & due process; neo-Marxist theories of legal domination; & social reality theory. Inadequacies in all three are noted, leading to a three-dimensional theory of social segmentation by race/ethnicity, class, & role. This perspective is applied to police-citizen contact, plea bargaining, & formal trial, revealing complexities not captured in the usual analyses. Despite the value of the role of law framework in protecting freedom, an alternative framework of discretionary justice needs to be formulated to embody the actual concepts of legal personnel, giving decisionmakers authority to adapt rules & procedures to segmental variation. In The Rule of Law in Criminal Justice: An Innocent Convicted, Lief H. Carter & Loren P. Beth (University of Georgia, Athens) note the slippery use of the concept of rule of law by Scheingold, provide the conventional definition of this concept, & show how in its terms the criminal justice system may respond to the fact of cultural cleavage. So far as Scheingold's definition revolves around the notion of equality, it is misapplied. In Reaffirming the Verdict: A Reply to Professors Carter and Beth, Scheingold notes Carter's & Beth's substantial agreement with the proposed reforms, together with their assertion that these are needed to implement the rule of law. In fact, these proposals significantly revise the aim of the legal system from the formal equality implied by the concept of rule of law to substantial equality. 1 Figure. W. H. Stoddard.

The purpose of this article is to suggest that the perspective of scholars studying regional integration be broadened to include research expressly concerned with the consequences of integration and to indicate the directions that such efforts might take. To date, the students of integration have been mainly describing, analyzing, and measuring the integration process. This is true of research on the European Communities as well as of studies of integration elsewhere in Europe and on other continents. In our quest for political community we have utilized a number of different research strategies and focused on a broad range of indicators, but our primary concern has been with regional capacities for aggregating political authority.