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The rights-based approach is particularly associated with pro-poor development and the agency of the poor. At the centre of the approach is an understanding that successful development requires political analysis and action. Rather than development being reliant on charitable goodwill to meet the basic needs of very poor people, the rights-based approach emphasises that development should be based on a recognition of the equal rights of all citizens to the resources required for material well-being and social inclusion. Within such a conceptualisation of development, the contribution of the state is given prominence. Their role is that of provider, through equal access to essential services, and regulator, through a legal system that ensures equal rights for all. It is anticipated that under such conditions, the poor will experience a more supportive and less discriminatory context, and will be able to take advantage of new opportunities. Despite this emphasis, SDI, an international group of grassroots organisations and their support NGOs seeking pro-poor urban development (notably secure tenure, basic services and housing), have struggled to work within the rights-based approach. While these groups believe in redistribution, social justice and people's empowerment, they have been criticised by rights-based groups for being 'too close' to the state. The discussion below considers the reasons for this tension, and focuses particularly on two related themes. First, women, who make up the majority of members in the local organisations (savings schemes), do not believe that an openly aggressive and critical campaign against this state is likely to be a successful strategy, given the present imbalance in power. While on occasion, savings schemes may be openly critical of the state, in general they seek to negotiate with local and national government around shelter, service and livelihood issues. Second, the women believe that there is no simple answer to their needs for tenure, basic services and housing that the ...

Introduction: Orthodontists have relied on cephalometric radiographs for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning since the advent of cephalometric radiography. The variations in different ethnic groups within the same country creates a need for cephalometric norms for each of such ethnic groups. McNamara's analysis is the most commonly used and most suitable for diagnosis and treatment planning. Aim: The study aims to formulate cephalometric norms for Gujarati boys and girls using McNamara's analysis. Materials & Method: The sample of children for the study was selected from the government funded primary schools of Gujarat. The sample size consisted of 250 school going Gujarati children (125 boys and 125 girls) with age ranging from 9 to 12 years. Materials & Method: A digital lateral cephalograph was taken under standard conditions for all children and manual tracings were done for identifying all cephalometric landmarks. The analysis was done using McNamara's analysis and statistical analysis was done Statistical Analysis: Gender differences were calculated using student's t test. The software was utilized to calculate the mean value, standard deviation, range, maximum and minimum values for all parameters of McNamara's analysis for Gujarati boys as well as girls. The inter examiner variability was tested using Karl Pearson correlation test. Results: The mean and standard deviation with minimum values, maximum values and range for each of 11 parameters were calculated for all male and female subjects. The gender differences were also calculated for all subjects. Conclusion: This study introduces cephalometric norms for the mixed dentition period using McNamara Analysis for Gujarati children residing in Ahmedabad – Gandhinagar districts of Gujarat which can be utilized for orthodontic treatment in the future.

Purpose: To evaluate the presence of gamification in popular mobile applications and whether principles from behavioral economics were incorporated in the design. Design: The top 50 ranked free health and fitness applications were downloaded. Gamification elements were predetermined through literature review, and applications were evaluated for their presence. Setting: App Store by Apple Inc. Measures: Presence of gamification, type of game element, and use of behavioral economic principles. Analysis: We classified the types and frequencies of targeted behaviors and features of gamification. Use of behavioral economic principles focused on designing rewards or points using loss aversion (allocated upfront and could be lost), variable reinforcement (not allocated constantly), and probability inflation (using drawings or lottery designs). Results: Gamification was used by 64% of mobile applications. Most applications that included gamification (97%) targeted behaviors related to physical activity and weight loss. Applications focused on other areas such as reproductive health, meditation, and sleep used gamification less often (11%). Game elements used most commonly included goal setting (78%), social influences (78%), and challenges (63%), while less common elements included points (6%) and levels (3%). No applications incorporated behavioral economics principles specified in the study. Conclusions: Gamification was commonly used by popular health and fitness mobile applications, but none used the specified behavioral economic principles to design rewards or points. Mobile applications could potentially improve their use if their design better leveraged principles from behavioral economics.

Collaboration in the freight industry has not been widely adopted mainly due to the perceived barriers in competition resulting in a lack of trust among fleet operators. Collaboration in this sector has significant benefits, including the reduction of empty running, operating costs (OPEX) and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) resulting in greater utilisation of existing logistics assets. A review of the literature to establish the critical aspects of freight collaboration was undertaken, as well as analyses of published case studies and European Union (EU)-funded projects. The critical aspects and barriers identified include: revenue sharing; compliance with competition law; process synchronization; organisational and systems interoperability; different forms of collaboration from a physical and coordination structure perspective; and strategies for collaboration. To facilitate collaboration a freight collaborative business model (FCBM) framework that highlights problematic areas in freight collaboration is proposed to support standardizing collaborative practices in the freight industry. Three published freight industry collaboration business cases were evaluated against the model. The business model framework is intended as a tool to be used to compare different business models and identify the best innovations to help facilitate collaborative practices. The freight collaboration business model was applied to the Freight Share Lab research project in order to demonstrate the concept and investigate whether efficiency can be unlocked through deployment of a dynamic data and asset sharing platform to enable route and load optimization across multiple fleets of freight vehicles, rail freight wagons and containers.

Background: RNTCP (Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program) is an application in India of the (World Health Organisation) WHO recommended (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course) DOTS strategy. Early diagnosis and immediate initiation of treatment are essential for an effective TB control program. Delay under RNTC programme is of types: patients delay, health care systems delay, DOTS delay and total delay. Objectives: To determine average delay on part of patient and health system in diagnosis of tuberculosis, treatment delay in starting DOTS and total delay. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 464 tuberculosis patients was conducted in an urban health center (UHC) of an urban slum area of Mumbai. Patients registered under RNTCP during 1 year i.e. from 1st January to 31st December 2016 were interviewed regarding their complaints and reporting to a health care facility (time taken and type-private or government), time taken for diagnosis and starting treatment. Thus, four types of delay were calculated. Results: Among 464 patients, mean patient's delay, health system delay and total delay were 21.09 days (median 15), 14.41 days (median 6) and 35.50 days (median 21) respectively. Almost 60% of total delay was constituted from patient's delay. Mean treatment delay was 2.84 days (median 3.19). Total delay was significantly longerin females. Almost, 40% of the patients reported to a health facility within 15 days of onset of symptoms. Conclusion: Patient delay was significantly more among sputum negative pulmonary TB patients than sputum positive patients. Health system delay to diagnose TB was more if private practitioners were approached first. Only 11% (35) pulmonary TB patients were advised sputum examination as the first investigation by private practitioners.

Health care reform is rather complicated and confusing, but it also represents an opportunity for employers to create competitive advantages. The CHRO dilemma, whether to "pay" or "play," has a number of resulting Talent implications. The human resources function is at the epicenter of a major disruption that can go either way for an organization. Mishandling the question of health benefits can carry a big price tag in dollars, reputation, competitiveness or some combination of the three. Handled correctly, the opportunity to craft a new approach to health care can position a company as an employer of choice and make it more competitive in the market.

United States health expenditures continue to escalate at unsustainable rates. A recent movement around increasing price transparency has been suggested as a way of reducing the rate of increase in expenditures, with legislative efforts taking place at both the state and federal level. While this seems on the surface like a good idea, simply providing information on prices to physicians, particularly trainees, may not achieve the type of large changes in practice patterns that proponents expect. The manner in which price transparency is implemented will likely play a significant role in its effectiveness as an intervention. In this article, the authors review efforts of transparency and default options from other contexts and leverage insights from behavioral economics to provide recommendations for increasing the likelihood that price transparency will lead to physicians weighing the relative value of interventions.

The paper reports a study into set‐up time reduction and mistake proofing methods in a small company involved in the machining of precision components in small batches with high variety for the aerospace industry. The company has made some set‐up reductions mainly using work study related methods and in one manufacturing cell by the use of the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) methodology. Mistake proofing devices in the form of fouling pins and offset holes have been developed for the family of components manufactured in this cell. Until recently the set‐up times were not measured and worse still were considered as productive hours. As a consequence, there was a lack of awareness and motivation amongst operational personnel to reduce set‐up times and knowledge of SMED was limited to a small group of individuals. This, along with the lack of investment in mechanisms to aid set‐up time reductions and prevent errors, has restricted the use of this type of methods and technology. However, there is evidence that the demands made by the company's major customer will lead to increased efforts to put into place these types of changes.

Not Available ; In India, begomovirus infection causing tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) is a major constraint for tomato productivity. Here, we have identified two distinct monopartite begomovirus and betasatellite complexes causing ToLCD in the western part of India. A new monopartite begomovirus (Tomato leaf curl Mumbai virus, ToLCMumV) and betasatellite (Tomato leaf curl Mumbai betasatellite, ToLCMumB) were isolated from the Mumbai sample. A distinct Tomato leaf curl Gandhinagar virus (ToLCGanV) and Tomato leaf curl Gandhinagar betasatellite (ToLCGanB) were identified from the Gandhinagar sample. Both of the cloned begomoviruses were recombinants. The demonstration of systemic infection caused by begomovirus (ToLCGanV or ToLCMumV) alone in N. benthamiana and tomato (a virus resistant variety) emphasizes that they were monopartite begomoviruses. Co-inoculation of cognate begomovirus and betasatellite reduces the incubation period and increases symptom severity. Thus, Koch's postulates were satisfied for these virus complexes. Further, an enhanced accumulation of ToLCGanV was detected in the presence of cognate ToLCGanB, however ToLCMumB did not influence the level of ToLCMumV in the agro-inoculated tomato plants. Our results indicate that the cloned viruses form potential virus resistance breaking disease complexes in India. This necessitates to investigate the spread of these disease complexes to major tomato growing regions in the country. ; Science and Engineering Research Board, Government of India