Suchergebnisse

Este trabalho examina a maneira como os partidos políticos da América Latina selecionam seus candidatos às eleições presidenciais. A análise está baseada no estudo de 44 partidos de 16 países da América Latina, e mostra que apesar da crescente tendência para o emprego de processos mais inclusivos na seleção dos candidatos nas últimas décadas, predomina a centralização do processo de tomada de decisões dos partidos da região. O material empírico provém da pesquisa sobre Partidos Políticos e Governabilidade na América Latina da Universidad de Salamanca.

ObjectivesThe objective of this article is to analyze the different roles played by key factors in individual subjective well‐being (SWB). Making a distinction between females and males, we consider the correlations of different characteristics of a healthy lifestyle, work environment, and social support with happiness in Spain.MethodsBased on a sample of 10,821 Spanish people, we applied ordered probit models and consider the possibility of common method variance.ResultsThe results show that some elements of healthy lifestyles, such as the intensity of physical activity (PA), level of self‐perceived health, and sleeping hours are positively associated with a higher level of happiness, with some differences between genders, particularly in terms of PA. We also detected significant differences between males and females in the potential associations between individual happiness and variables measuring the social support, job satisfaction, and time spent unemployed.ConclusionsThe conclusions emphasize the differences between genders in explaining individual happiness and the relevance of the healthy lifestyles, different circumstances of the labor market, and social support to account for happiness.

Fuel poverty can be defined as "the inability to afford adequate warmth in the home" and it is the result of the combination of three items: low household income, housing lack of energy efficiency and high energy bills. Although it affects a growing number of households within the European Union only some countries have an official definition for it. In 2013, the European Parliament claimed the Commission and Estate Members to develop different policies in order to fight household energy vulnerability. The importance of tackling fuel poverty is based on the critical consequences it has for human health living below certain temperatures. In Spain some advances have been made in this field but main existing studies remain at the statistical level and do not deepen the understanding of the problem from the perspective of dwelling indoor habitability conditions. What is more, this concept is yet to be officially defined. This paper presents the evaluation of fuel poverty in a building block of social housing located in the centre of Zaragoza and how this issue determined the strategies implemented in the energy retrofitting intervention project. At a first step, fuel poverty was appraised through the exploration of indoor thermal conditions. The adaptive thermal comfort (UNE-EN 15251:2008) method was used to establish the appropriate indoor temperatures and consequently to determine what can be called 'comfort gap'. Results were collated and verified with energy bills collection and a survey work that gathered data from neighbours. All this permitted pointing out those households more in need. Results from the social analysis combined with the evaluation of the building thermal performance determined the intervention. The renovation project was aimed at the implementation of passive strategies that improve households thermal comfort in order to alleviate households fuel poverty situation. This research is part of the project NewSolutions4OldHousing (LIFE10 ENV/ES/439) cofounded by the European Commission under the ...

Educational policies in Spain have been characterized by conflict and continuous changes to legislation in the Central State. However, Spain is a decentralized State and the Autonomous Communities (regions) are responsible for implementing secondary education. The article aims at explaining and analyzing how Autonomous Communities have defined their educational models and policies for secondary education based on an unstable state legal framework. The analysis focuses on key elements of State legislation, such as the management methods of schools and the adaptation of policies to social differences between autonomous communities. Based on Zahariadis' multiple streams model, the article concludes by pointing out the importance of the context and its impact on the policies, the relevance of the ruling party's ideology in each Autonomous Community and the involvement of stakeholders in the implementation of secondary education policy.

Educational policies in Spain have been characterized by conflict and continuous changes to legislation in the Central State. However, Spain is a decentralized State and the Autonomous Communities (regions) are responsible for implementing secondary education. The article aims at explaining and analyzing how Autonomous Communities have defined their educational models and policies for secondary education based on an unstable state legal framework. The analysis focuses on key elements of State legislation, such as the management methods of schools and the adaptation of policies to social differences between autonomous communities. Based on Zahariadis' multiple streams model, the article concludes by pointing out the importance of the context and its impact on the policies, the relevance of the ruling party's ideology in each Autonomous Community and the involvement of stakeholders in the implementation of secondary education policy.

This work aims to show a piece of the important role that collecting and scientific collections played in the training to become naturalist during the Silver Age of Spanish science (1900-1936). It attempts to show that the Junta para Ampliación de Estudios (JAE), the main institution that promoted such a modern scientific project, aspired to create an intellectual elite with the capacity to participate in the governance of the State (a new political culture). The JAE incarnated a rationalist scientific model that opposed the ultraconservative positions, which were defenders of a Catholic science. Both of them were involved in a struggle that was not only restricted to science, but it reached all social, political and cultural aspects of national living. This article takes the biography of the botanic José Cuatrecasas as starting point and its analysis will be processed from the sociocultural History of Science and the History of Ideas. ; Este trabajo quiere mostrar una faceta del papel desempeñado por el coleccionismo y las colecciones científicas en la formación de los naturalistas durante la Edad de Plata de la ciencia española. El objetivo es evidenciar que la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios, principal institución que impulsó ese proyecto, aspiraba a crear intelectuales con capacidad de participar en la gobernanza del país (una nueva cultura política). La JAE encarnó un proyecto científico racionalista que se oponía a las visiones más conservadoras, defensoras de una ciencia católica, en una lucha que no se restringía a la ciencia, sino que alcanzaba lo social, lo político y lo cultural. Para ello recurrimos a la biografía del botánico José Cuatrecasas partiendo del enfoque de una historia sociocultural de la ciencia y una historia de las ideas.

This paper analyzes constitutional scopes and limits about Same-Sex marriage in the frame of Interamerican and European Human Rights Systems regarding the margin of state discretion, and how Mexican Supreme Court has adopted full recognition of that civil institution as a human right shifting on democratic principle. Perhaps, this national Supreme Court has been almost the only Court in the world that recognizes in its jurisprudence Same-Sex marriage based on equal protection clause. Therefore, it has proposed several theoretical consequences hardly to overcome. Besides that situation, it had also modified the scope of the constitutional democratic principle in México. ; El presente artículo examina los alcances y límites que ha tenido la figura del matrimonio homosexual en el marco de los sistemas interamericano y europeo de derechos humanos en relación con el margen de apreciación nacional de sus Estados miembros, y cómo la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación mexicana (SCJN) ha adoptado una doctrina de reconocimiento pleno a esa institución civil como un Derecho Humano y desplazando dicho margen en detrimento del principio democrático. La Corte mexicana ha sido quizá el único tribunal en el mundo en obligar a todos los Estados de la Federación a reconocer por la vía jurisprudencial la institución del matrimonio de forma igualitaria (matrimonio igualitario) lo cual ha planteado una serie de consecuencias teóricas difícilmente superables, además de una distorsión del principio democrático en México.

<p>La obligatoriedad de los enunciados normativos interamericanos en México han sido seriamente cuestionados, incluso por los tribunales mexicanos. En este ensayo reseñamos un acercamiento a una propuesta epistémica que incida en la vinculación de los enunciados normativos interamericanos a partir de su incorporación en el sistema jurídico mexicano como un fenómeno de autoregeneración que parte del diálogo entre los elementos que lo conforman y, por vía de consecuencia, se insertan en México como norma dotada de vigencia.</p>

Planes de empleo y de apoyo a iniciativas empresariales de la Unión Europea y del Gobierno de Aragón