Suchergebnisse

The aim of the present study is to analyze the most common method used for processing ripe table olives: the "California style". Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to detect the "hot spots" of the system under examination. The LCA results also allowed us to compare the traditional "California style", here called "method A", with another "California style", here called "method B". We were interested in this latter method, because the European Union is considering introducing it into the product specification of the Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) "La Bella della Daunia". It was also possible to compare the environmental impacts of the two "California style" methods with those of the "Spanish style" method. From the comparison it is clear that "method B" has a greater environmental impact than "method A" because greater amounts of water and electricity are required, whereas "Spanish style" processing has a lower environmental impact than the "California style" methods. ; El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el método más común utilizado para el procesamiento de la aceituna negra de mesa "estilo California" (Californian Style). La metodología LCA se aplicó para detectar los puntos calientes del sistema estudiado. Los resultados LCA también nos permitieron comparar el estilo californiano tradicional, aquí llamado "método A", con otro estilo californiano, llamado "método B". Nosotros estábamos interesados en el segundo método, porque la Unión Europea está considerando introducirlo en la Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) "La Bella della Daunia". También fue posible comparar los impactos medioambientales de los dos mètodos californianos con los impactos del método español. Observando la comparación, está claro que el "método B" tiene un mejor impacto ambiental que el "método A" porque este último requiere más cantidad de agua y electricidad, por lo que el "Estilo Español" para procesar nos da un mejor procesamiento desde el punto de vista ambiental que los métodos del "Estilo Californiano"

More than 25 years after the 1991 reform of the Union for the Protection of New Plant Varieties (UPOV) treaty, the regulation of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) is still controversial. While the incentives to private innovations are unquestionable, concerns have been raised about farmers' access to resources, the weakening of their bargaining power, their entrepreneurial freedom, and ultimately their welfare. Our paper investigates the effect of PVP regulation on the governance of agri-food value chains (AFVC) with a small-scale survey of kiwi producers in Italy. We found that AFVC trading-protected (club) plant varieties are more likely to exhibit captive governance forms than those trading the free varieties. Nevertheless, the producers of club kiwis achieve higher returns from their investments and bear less risk than others. Because of the high demand for the club fruits, the breeders must give farmers highly profitable contract terms in order to elicit the production and to promote the adoption of the new cultivar. As a consequence, farmers are capturing a share of the value of innovation, even if the breeders have a strong protection. The long-run sustainability of this win-win agreement between breeders and farmers might be jeopardized should the demand for the new varieties fall.