Suchergebnisse

The author scrutinizes the role of "infitah" ("opening up" of the economy to foreign private investment and to market forces generally) in tackling basic economic problems; "infitah" has failed to eradicate inequality and poverty; unsolved problems population growth and job creation; educational development impeded by the emigration of the best teachers; malnutrition not eliminated by food subsidies

The fellah has never used tractors, reapers, binders, and threshing machines, and it is unlikely that he ever will. He is too poor, and in any case feels no need of intermediaries between him and the soilH. H. Ayrout, The Egyptian Peasant, 1963.Father Ayrout might be surprised by the Egyptian countryside today! Agricultural mechanization has been spreading rapidly, especially since 1973. Although national tractor censuses are notoriously unreliable because of the problems of treating old machines, current official estimates place the number of four-wheeled tractors at 25,000. Over 1,000 tractors have been manufactured at the Nasr works in Helwan every year since 1973; the number of tractor imports has quadrupled in the same period (see table I).

Remedies for current Egyptian agricultural stagnation: such as World Bank financing of tile installations on 70% of the country's productive farm land now suffering drainage problems, like former technical adaptations between 1920 & 1940, may only be repairing pre-existing agricultural damage & halting continued diminution of productivity & farm labor wages, rather than improving or increasing them. During the earlier 20-year period chosen for comparison with today's difficulties, holders of fewer than 5 feddans of farm land could perceive little benefit in turning 10% of the surface of their small parcels over to drainage facilities at installation costs of about 33% of the farm's net revenue; when they did so, low yields from poor fertilization left them unable to pay off high interest rate (20%-30% per year) drainage installation loans. Land confiscations for failure to pay debts resulted in former small owners joining the wage-paid LFs on the larger farms of the pashas; &, according to the Egyptian agricultural census for 1917 to 1937, while the number of "cultivators of land on lease" decreased by 58% from 506,181 to 210,384 persons, the total N of farm laborers increased 53%, from 2.8 million. 10 Tables, 1 Figure, 89 References. P. Gockel.

In many otherwise diverse societies, owners of large agricultural estates have paid their year-round workers with the use of a piece of land on which to produce their own subsistence crops. In a "preliminary report" Magnus Morner cited some eleven examples of this system in Europe, Latin America, and Africa. Although Mörner mentions different influences, he does not advance an argument to explain these systems. This essay seeks to contribute to our understanding of the political economy of these "labor rent" or "estate labor" systems. The paper is exploratory: previous approaches are considered, a theoretical framework is proposed, and some tentative hypotheses are presented. My evidence comes from three examples: the Insten system of East Elbian Germany from ca. 1750 to ca. 1860; the 'izbahsystem of the Egyptian Delta from ca. 1850 to ca. 1940; and the pre-1930inquilinajesystem of Central Chile.

The author addresses the critical questions involved in understanding and coping with the roots of Islamic radicalism. He provides particular attention to the links between radicalism and a series of crises associated with modernization in the Islamic World. The result is a thoughtful and probing study including policy recommendations for U.S. military and civilian decision makers that makes intelligible the complex subject of Islamic radicalism. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1790/thumbnail.jpg