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Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) is the most economically important animal health policy issue in Britain. The problem of what to do about badgers has plagued successive governments since a dead badger was discovered with bovine TB in 1971. Successive Labour governments (1997–2010) oversaw the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) from 1998 to 2006. Despite the RBCT recommendation against culling, the 2010–2015 Coalition government implemented pilot badger culls. This paper provides an account of the evolution of bovine TB and badger control policy, focusing on the 1997–2010 Labour, the 2010–2015 Coalition and the 2015-present Conservative governments. Interviews with bovine TB policy stakeholders supplement discussion of the development of bovine TB policy. The paper discusses the science and politics of bovine TB policy, in which there are different badger control policies in Westminster, Welsh and Scottish governments. Badger control is a highly polarised issue, and the Coalition and Conservative governments have been heavily criticised for a culling policy opposed by the independent scientific community. Recent governments have defended badger culling on the basis of veterinary advice and experience in countries such as New Zealand. The paper concludes with two key recommendations to inform controversial animal health and welfare policy issues such as bovine TB. First, mandatory Animal Welfare Impact Assessment provides objective data on the impacts of policy options on cows and badgers. Second, robust ethical analysis, conducted by independent experts using established moral frameworks, should be applied to animal health and welfare issues for the benefit of decision makers.

Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) is an important and controversial animal health policy issue in England, which impacts humans, cattle and badgers. The government policy of badger culling has led to widespread opposition, in part due to the conclusions of a large field trial recommending against culling, and in part because badgers are a cherished wildlife species. Animal rights (AR) theorists argue that sentient nonhumans should be accorded fundamental rights against killing and suffering. In bovine TB policy, however, pro-culling actors claim that badgers must be culled to avoid the slaughter of cattle. The first part of the paper compares AR theories of Regan, Francione, Cochrane, Garner and Donaldson and Kymlicka in the context of wildlife species. The second part of the paper applies these AR theories to bovine TB and badger control. AR theories are applied to badger control policy options of (1) do nothing, (2) badger culling, and (3) badger vaccination. We conclude that AR theories are strongly opposed to badger culling. In general, culling is prohibited due to a badger's right to life and its rights against suffering. The AR theories support a do-nothing, i.e. non-culling, non-vaccination approach to badger control. In the case of the AR theories of Regan and Francione, this is based on abolitionist positions with respect to farming. For Cochrane, Garner, and Donaldson and Kymlicka, the do-nothing policy option is preferred because badger vaccination causes a degree of suffering which generally is not for the individual's benefit.

Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) is the most economically important animal health policy issue in Britain. The problem of what to do about badgers has plagued successive governments since a dead badger was discovered with bovine TB in 1971. Successive Labour governments (1997–2010) oversaw the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) from 1998 to 2006. Despite the RBCT recommendation against culling, the 2010–2015 Coalition government implemented pilot badger culls. This paper provides an account of the evolution of bovine TB and badger control policy, focusing on the 1997–2010 Labour, the 2010–2015 Coalition and the 2015-present Conservative governments. Interviews with bovine TB policy stakeholders supplement discussion of the development of bovine TB policy. The paper discusses the science and politics of bovine TB policy, in which there are different badger control policies in Westminster, Welsh and Scottish governments. Badger control is a highly polarised issue, and the Coalition and Conservative governments have been heavily criticised for a culling policy opposed by the independent scientific community. Recent governments have defended badger culling on the basis of veterinary advice and experience in countries such as New Zealand. The paper concludes with two key recommendations to inform controversial animal health and welfare policy issues such as bovine TB. First, mandatory Animal Welfare Impact Assessment provides objective data on the impacts of policy options on cows and badgers. Second, robust ethical analysis, conducted by independent experts using established moral frameworks, should be applied to animal health and welfare issues for the benefit of decision makers.

Bovine tuberculosis (bovine TB) is an important and controversial animal health policy issue in England, which impacts humans, cattle and badgers. The government policy of badger culling has led to widespread opposition, in part due to the conclusions of a large field trial recommending against culling, and in part because badgers are a cherished wildlife species. Animal rights (AR) theorists argue that sentient nonhumans should be accorded fundamental rights against killing and suffering. In bovine TB policy, however, pro-culling actors claim that badgers must be culled to avoid the slaughter of cattle. The first part of the paper compares AR theories of Regan, Francione, Cochrane, Garner and Donaldson and Kymlicka in the context of wildlife species. The second part of the paper applies these AR theories to bovine TB and badger control. AR theories are applied to badger control policy options of (1) do nothing, (2) badger culling, and (3) badger vaccination. We conclude that AR theories are strongly opposed to badger culling. In general, culling is prohibited due to a badger's right to life and its rights against suffering. The AR theories support a do-nothing, i.e. non-culling, non-vaccination approach to badger control. In the case of the AR theories of Regan and Francione, this is based on abolitionist positions with respect to farming. For Cochrane, Garner, and Donaldson and Kymlicka, the do-nothing policy option is preferred because badger vaccination causes a degree of suffering which generally is not for the individual's benefit.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Consistency, contradiction and ceaseless enquiry in the work of Michael Young -- SECTION 1 Sociology of education -- 1 Taking subject knowledge out and putting it back in again? A journey in the company of Michael Young -- 2 The new organon of Michael Young -- 3 'Beyond the present and the particular': similarities and differences between Michael Young's and Charles Bailey's arguments for the public provision of liberating forms of education for all -- 4 Powerful sociological knowledge? An analysis of the British Sociological Association and the Sociology School Curriculum in England -- 5 A Durkeimian approach to knowledge and democracy -- 6 What is educationally worthwhile knowledge? Revisiting the case for powerful knowledge -- 7 Michael Young's influence on the sociology of education -- SECTION 2 Curriculum studies -- 8 Michael Young, knowledge and the crises of capitalism -- 9 The curriculum arguments of Michael Young and John White -- 10 The road to Future 3: the case of geography -- 11 Powerful knowledge and the formal curriculum -- 12 Powerful knowledge - moving us all forwards or backwards? -- 13 'Making' and 'taking' problems: the curriculum field and Michael Young -- SECTION 3 Professional/vocational knowledge and education -- 14 Professional knowledge in the 21st century: 'immaterial' labour and its challenge for the 'trinary' -- 15 From the 'general' to the 'organic' intellect: reflections on the concepts of specialization and the curriculum of the future -- 16 Learning from qualification reform: the value and limitations of the notion of powerful knowledge -- 17 Theorising the conditions for theoretical knowledge in vocational education -- 18 Conceptualising vocational knowledge: the high road, the middle road and the low road

Preliminary Material /Alister Jones , Anne McKim and Michael Reiss -- Towards Introducing Ethical Thinking in the Classroom: Beyond rhetoric /Alister Jones , Anne McKim and Michael Reiss -- Ethical thinking /Michael Reiss -- Bioethics education /Anne McKim -- In the Classroom: Exploring ethical issues with young pupils /Catherine Buntting and Barbara Ryan -- In the Classroom: Approaches to Bioethics for senior students /Lindsey Conner -- Outcomes of bioethics education in secondary school science: Two Australian case studies /Vaille Dawson -- Using narrative for ethical thinking /Rosemary De Luca -- Engaging with bioethics: A Professional learning programme for science teachers /Kathryn Saunders -- The enhancement of ethical thinking /Alister Jones , Anne McKim and Michael Reiss -- List of Authors /Alister Jones , Anne McKim and Michael Reiss -- Index /Alister Jones , Anne McKim and Michael Reiss.