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Biodiversity is closely related to human health and ecological environment. It has become very important due to its influence on the economic and political strategies of various countries. Fungal diversity is an important part of biodiversity and is of great significance in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. On the basis of fungal diversity studies the innovative conservation system "One district, one herbarium and five banks" was proposed and later applied on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In order to protect important fungal resources a conservation district of Yajiang Matsutake Reserve was established in Sichuan Province. To preserve the species, genetics and local natural fungal resources, the herbarium, the spawn bank, the viable tissue bank, the gene bank, the compound bank, and the comprehensive information bank were created, which resulted in the systematic protection of fungal diversity on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and provided support for the sustainable use of fungi. Innovation and integration of the protection system of fungal resources and key technologies for sustainable utilization not only restore the ecological environment of important wild Fungal resources but also screen and cultivate new varieties of edible and medicinal fungi It has been promoted and demonstrated and gave significant ecological, social and economic benefits. ; Сохранение биологического разнообразия приобрело в современном мире важное значение, как фактор, определяющий экономическое и политическое развитие отдельных государств, поскольку тесно связано с качеством жизни человека и стабильностью окружающей среды. Видовое разнообразие грибов - существенная часть общего биологического разнообразия, обеспечивающая устойчивое функционирование экосистем. На основании научных исследований для практического использования разработана инновационная система сохранения биологического разнообразия грибов под названием «Один район, один гербарий и пять банков», которую в Китае успешно реализовали в районе Тибетского Нагорья. С целью охраны уникальных грибных ресурсов, в уезде Яцзян, провинции Сычуань, был организован заповедник по воспроизводству грибов вида мацутакэ ( Tricholoma matsutake). Для того, чтобы сохранить в природе уникальные виды, исследованы их генетические особенности, природные комплексы среды обитания, оценены ресусные запасы грибов местных видов, собран микологический гербарий, созданы банки мицелиальных культур, гермоплазмы, генетических источников, ценных метаболитов и базы данных с максимально полной информацией, которые обеспечивают систему защиты грибного разнообразия в пределах Тибетского Нагорья и способствуют поддержанию баланса между постоянным возобновлением грибных ресурсов и их экологически безопасной промышленной заготовкой. Инновационный и интеграционный характер системы охраны грибных ресурсов, а также базовые технологии возобновления и рационального использования крупнейших запасов дикорастущих грибов не только способствуют восстановлению экологической среды, но также позволяют отбирать в природе и вводить в культуру новые виды пищевых и лекарственных грибов. Внедрение системы охраны грибных ресурсов обеспечило высоки е результаты в сферах экологии, общественной жизни и экономики.

AbstractThe study is the first to examine the developmental trajectory of emotion knowledge as it relates to psychosocial adjustment in a cross‐cultural context. European American (EA, n = 68, 28 boys) and Chinese American (CA, n = 62, 31 boys) children and their mothers participated. Children's emotion knowledge was assessed, and their psychosocial adjustment was reported by mothers at three time points when children were 6.5, 7, and 8 years of age. Although EA children had greater emotion knowledge at Time 1, CA children's emotion knowledge grew faster over the following 1.5 years. In addition, emotion knowledge predicted fewer internalizing problems in CA children but predicted fewer externalizing problems in EA children. Thus, emotion knowledge was associated with psychosocial adjustment for both cultural groups, and particularly helpful for children to cope with issues to which they are most vulnerable in their respective cultural contexts. The findings shed critical light on the developmental trajectories of emotion understanding and psychosocial adjustment in specific cultural contexts.

AbstractBased on a large sample of survey data collected from 12 Chinese provinces, municipalities directly under the central government and autonomous regions in the western regions of China, this article discusses the subjective well-being of the residents of all ethnic groups in the western regions, along the two dimensions of economic development and social integration. The results show that the overall subjective well-being of all ethnic groups in Western China is good, and the percentage of people who indicated that they often feel happy is generally higher than the percentage of those who often feel unhappy. The residents of ethnic minority status such as the Huis and the Uyghurs experience good subjective well-being more often than residents of other ethnic groups. Microscopic indicators, such as the level of household income, and macroscopic indicators, such as the level of regional economic development, can exert significant positive impacts on the subjective well-being of residents from various ethnic groups. In addition, emotional integration, trust-based integration, and integration through communication—as important variables of social identity and social acceptance—can also have significant positive impacts on improving the subjective well-being of residents of all ethnic groups. The article concludes that, for the residents of all ethnic groups living in the less developed western regions of China, economic development and increased income remain the key means of improving the subjective well-being, and promoting inter-ethnic interactions and strengthening social integration are also positive methods of effectively improving the subjective well-being.

PurposeExisting research focuses on the pension systems and reforms in China from a macro-level and financial perspective. The expectations of mid-life Chinese people regarding their retirement and pensions have been ignored to date, and this research set out to address this lacuna.Design/methodology/approachThe application of qualitative research methods is relatively novel in Chinese social science. As a grounded theory (GT) study, the research reported here deployed semi-structured interviews to investigate middle-aged Chinese women's and men's perceptions of their pensions and retirement. In total, 36 interviews were conducted, following the constructivist GT method.FindingsThe data point to disparities between the choices and perceptions of individuals on the one hand and the official assumptions underlying the current pension regime on the other hand. Research participants had varying interpretations of the inequality in retirement incomes in China, the main division being between enterprise workers and public-sector employees.Originality/valueAlthough there are in principle rigidly fixed retirement ages for men and women in contemporary China, the phenomena of early retirement and working post-retirement are increasing. There are trade-offs between work/retirement and family needs, which influence the choices of middle-aged citizens. Retirement pathways are increasingly individualised, reflecting broader patterns of individualisation and inequality in China.

AbstractHuman mobility connects urban dwellers and neighborhoods and impacts social equity. An in-depth understanding of human mobility helps to enhance urban resilience. However, limited research has focused on mobility resilience. Building on previous research, this study looks at the neighborhood connectivity enabled by urban mobility. We analyze the aggregated mobility patterns in Boston through the coupling of network structure and social characteristics. Geocoded twitter data combined with socioeconomic datasets were used to create a mobility-based urban network. Through the quantitative analysis, we found that the social segregation in Boston shapes its mobility network. Network communities identified by the Louvain modularity algorithm are often self-containing, meaning that their residents are more likely to move within their communities. A multinomial regression reveals that spatial racial and income segregation has a strong impact on the dynamic segregation of the network. The beneficial network characteristics –e.g. higher density and well-connected motifs– are less present in areas with bolder presence of minorities. Thus, the resilience state is not equitable among neighborhoods of different income levels and races, indicating that the resilience measures of urban networks need to be adapted according to sociodemographic characteristics.

The question of how to guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities, and their health equity in particular, is frequently neglected in infectious disease pandemics. The international response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is no exception in this regard. This neglect is related to other forms of marginalization and exclusion, as people with disabilities are generally poorer and more vulnerable than their non-disabled counterparts. Sustainable Development Goal 3 lacks an appropriate human rights language that enshrines equality and inclusivity in pandemic prevention work and related policies and legislation; and, as a result, it does not sufficiently guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities. This paper draws on China's pandemic prevention work to extract relevant lessons, and seeks to explain how decision-making systems and resource allocation mechanisms impact on the health rights of people with disabilities. It discusses the unique roles of justice and legislation in helping to guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities in an infectious disease pandemic, and concludes that future research should more closely consider how Sustainable Development Goal 16 can support Sustainable Development Goal 3.

Fei Qi, Qi Wang Law School, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Qi Wang Email hainan-equal-rights-research-group@outlook.comAbstract: The question of how to guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities, and their health equity in particular, is frequently neglected in infectious disease pandemics. The international response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is no exception in this regard. This neglect is related to other forms of marginalization and exclusion, as people with disabilities are generally poorer and more vulnerable than their non-disabled counterparts. Sustainable Development Goal 3 lacks an appropriate human rights language that enshrines equality and inclusivity in pandemic prevention work and related policies and legislation; and, as a result, it does not sufficiently guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities. This paper draws on China's pandemic prevention work to extract relevant lessons, and seeks to explain how decision-making systems and resource allocation mechanisms impact on the health rights of people with disabilities. It discusses the unique roles of justice and legislation in helping to guarantee the health rights of people with disabilities in an infectious disease pandemic, and concludes that future research should more closely consider how Sustainable Development Goal 16 can support Sustainable Development Goal 3.Keywords: COVID-19, health equity, laws, infectious disease pandemic, IDP, judicature, people with disabilities, sustainable development goal, SDG

This article deals with women and corruption in China. The aim is to bring gender in and to make good the lack of focus on gender in studies of corruption in China. The article outlines different forms of female involvement in corruption, introduces various theories of corruption, and elaborates on the relevance of these theories in explaining and understanding the role of gender in the case of corruption in China. The article also proposes a theory of chaotic capital/resource acquisition as a supplement and discusses the potential of this theory in accounting for the role of women in corruption, whether as government officials or as the mistresses and wives (family members) of corrupt male officials.

AbstractThis study examined mother–child reminiscing about children's experiences with peers and its relation to children's peer‐related self‐views and social competence. Sixty‐three mothers and their preschool‐aged children discussed at home two specific past events involving the child and his or her peers, one event being positive and one negative. The children's self‐views in peer relationships were assessed at school during individual interviews, and their social competence was rated by mothers. Both maternal and child participation in the reminiscing, in terms of reminiscing style and content, were uniquely associated with children's peer‐related self‐views and social competence. The results suggest the important role of family narrative practices in children's social development.