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ETHNIC DEVELOPMENTS IN ESTONIA IN 1991-93 WERE CHARACTERIZED BY THE FOLLOWING FEATURES: (1) AFTER THE INDEPENDENCE DECLARATION, THERE WAS A DECLINE IN THE INTENSITY OF ETHNIC TENSIONS--AT LEAST ON THE SURFACE; (2) THERE WAS AN ASYMMETRY OF POST-IMPERIAL CHANGES IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL SUB-SYSTEMS FROM AN ETHNIC POINT OF VIEW; THE OFFICIAL POLITICAL ELITE AND STATE APPARATUS WERE VISIBLY "ESTONIANIZED" AND MIGRATION TRENDS CHANGED RAPIDLY; BUT EDUCATION, MASS MEDIA, AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY WITNESSED ONLY MODEST ADJUSTMENTS; (3) THE RUSSIAN MOVEMENT IN ESTONIA GRAPPLED WITH A SERIOUS ADAPTATION CRISIS; (4) ESTONIA'S CITIZENSHIP POLICY FOLLOWED A STRICT RESTORATIONIST STRATEGY UNTIL THE SEPTEMBER 1992 ELECTIONS, WHICH WERE FOLLOWED BY A TREND TOWARD LIBERALIZATION; (5) THERE WERE TWO MAIN DIRECTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL PRESSURES REGARDING ESTONIA'S CITIZENSHIP AND MINORITIES POLICIES; THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE WESTERN COUNTRIES AND THE MAJOR INTERSTATE ORGANIZATION MOSTLY APPROVED, WHILE RUSSIA WAS SHARPLY CRITICAL; THE WESTERN MEDIA AND HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS ALSO OFTEN EXPRESSED DISAPPROVAL; (6) COMPARED WITH OTHER POST-COMMUNIST STATES, THE MINORITIES AND CITIZENSHIP POLICY IN ESTONIA APPEARED TO BE QUITE SUCCESSFUL; THE VISIBLE SIGNS OF ETHNIC TENSIONS DIMINISHED; VIOLENCE OR ACTIVE SEPARATISM ON ETHNIC GROUNDS WAS AVOIDED.

The post-1985 Soviet revolution & collapse of the USSR is the third systemic imperial crisis in Russia since the beginning of the seventeenth century. Three distinctive periods of political development of the USSR in 1991 were marked by: (1) the crackdown in the Baltics in Jan; (2) the "nine plus one" statement on 23 Apr; & (3) the abortive coup in Aug. The economic anarchy & crisis will probably, sooner or later, lead to some form of political crackdown in Russia & in most of the other post-Soviet republics. AA

AbstractWe examine how the Fed's preference influences the behavior of inflation rate and unemployment rate using US data over the period of 1960–2017. After showing instability in a constant‐coefficient regression, we run a nonparametric regression, and find that the Fed's preference parameters have moved, implying that its preference can be represented by the asymmetric preference model putting more weights on high unemployment rate approximately before the era of Volcker's chairmanship and by the inflation targeting model during the 1980s and 1990s. The Fed's preferences again seem concerned about higher unemployment after the Global Financial Crisis.

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of a workweek reduction policy on the labor productivity of manufacturing plants in Korea. Taking advantage of the stepwise introduction of the standard 40‐hour workweek in Korea, we apply a difference‐in‐differences framework to individual‐level cross‐sectional and plant‐level longitudinal data to examine the impact of the policy on working hours and output, respectively. We find that the policy reduced per‐worker hours but increased per‐worker output, which is robust to various specifications and sample restrictions. The observed increase in per‐worker output is likely to be mediated through the increase in the total factor productivity and the amount of capital stock.

The government is pushing to regulate the use of non-regular workers in the public sector to ease the duality of regular and non-regular employment across the economy. The conversion to regular employment is more difficult in the private than in the public sector. As such, an environment must be created wherein the private sector takes the initiative to increase the number of regular employees. Based on empirical analysis results, the following summarizes the policy direction and discussions on minimizing the negative effects of the conversion. This study looks into the impact of the 2007 non-regular employment protection law, which restricts the use of non-regular workers, and extrapolates the policy implications.

This longitudinal study examined the long‐term effects of economic preparation and social activity on life and family relationship satisfaction among retirees, particularly baby boomers. Data was obtained from the 2009 and 2011 Korean Retirement & Income Panel Study. A fixed effects model was employed to estimate unobservable individual‐specific effects and to control for study participants' individual characteristics. The results show that both economic preparation and social activities have long‐term effects on baby boomers' life and family relationship satisfaction. This study reveals that multidimensional aspects of preparation increase the long‐term impact of life satisfaction for retirees.