Suchergebnisse

In the decade after the Second World War IBM rebuilt its European operations as integrated, wholly owned subsidiaries of its World Trade Corporation, chartered in 1949. Long before the European common market eliminated trade barriers, IBM created its own internal networks of trade, allocating the production of different components and products between its new subsidiaries. Their exchange relationships were managed centrally to ensure that no European subsidiary was a consistent net importer. At the heart of this system were eight national electric typewriter plants, each assembling parts produced by other European countries. IBM promoted these transnational typewriters as symbols of a new and peaceful Europe and its leader, Thomas J. Watson, Sr., was an enthusiastic supporter of early European moves toward economic integration. We argue that IBM's humble typewriter and its innovative system of distributed manufacturing laid the groundwork for its later domination of the European computer business and provided a model for the development of transnational European institutions.

Objects and environments related to cultural heritage have attained an increased interest in policies for regional growth. Heritage management is then not only considered as a preservation of history but a resource and an asset for creation of attractiveness and development. In Sweden, this change is in accordance with the ongoing transformation of the national regional policy, where initiatives are delegated to the regions. The transformation is moreover, in accordance with aims in the European union, where cohesion money is directed towards the regional level. However, historically preservation of cultural heritage has been a national interest and although it formally is delegated to counties, management still is dominated by traditional values, perspectives, and methods developed for the national heritage. This paper presents a study among administrators of cultural heritage at the regional level, county antiquarians, that indicate how lack of theory, empirical examples, evaluation, as well as basic knowledge on regional development, add confusion to the debate between heritage interests and actors from industry, housing, politics, and other parts of public administration. Ambitions to develop cultural tourism and attractive housing highlight conflicts between preservation perspectives and commercial interests. While developing a language for the analyses of relations between cultural heritage and regional development, taking care of the spatial context a heritage object is located in, it is here argued for further introduction of methods of regional analysis and policy evaluation in the management of cultural heritage. Such methods and languages may improve the basis for negotiations between conflicting interests.

Cover -- Title Page -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- PART I: INTRODUCTION -- 1. Free Movement of Persons in the Nordic States -- PART II: THE INTERPLAY OF EU LAW, EEA LAW AND NORDIC COOPERATION: VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES -- 2. The Vision and Legal Reality of Regional Integration in the Nordic States -- 3. Free Movement of Persons in the Nordic States through EU Law and EEA Law -- 4. Fundamental Rights of the Individual in EEA Law: The Tension between the ECHR Standards and the EU Charter -- 5. Closure of Borders in the Three Nordic EU Member States During the Covid-19 Pandemic -- PART III: THE INDIVIDUAL'S ACCESS TO FREE MOVEMENT RIGHTS IN THE NORDIC REGION -- 6. Free Movement Rights in Denmark -- 7. Free Movement Rights in Sweden -- 8. Free Movement Rights in Finland -- 9. Free Movement Rights in Norway -- 10. Free Movement Rights in Iceland -- 11. Free Movement of Persons and the Autonomous Territories in the Danish Kingdom: Greenland and the Faroe Islands -- PART IV: CONCLUSION -- 12. Flickering Contours of a Nordic Citizenship Encircling a Legal Core of EU/EEA Law -- Index -- Copyright Page.

Historical scholarship is currently undergoing a digital turn. All historians have experienced this change in one way or another, by writing on word processors, applying quantitative methods on digitalized source materials, or using internet resources and digital tools. Digital Histories showcases this emerging wave of digital history research. It presents work by historians who – on their own or through collaborations with e.g. information technology specialists – have uncovered new, empirical historical knowledge through digital and computational methods. The topics of the volume range from the medieval period to the present day, including various parts of Europe. The chapters apply an exemplary array of methods, such as digital metadata analysis, machine learning, network analysis, topic modelling, named entity recognition, collocation analysis, critical search, and text and data mining. The volume argues that digital history is entering a mature phase, digital history 'in action', where its focus is shifting from the building of resources towards the making of new historical knowledge. This also involves novel challenges that digital methods pose to historical research, including awareness of the pitfalls and limitations of the digital tools and the necessity of new forms of digital source criticisms. Through its combination of empirical, conceptual and contextual studies, Digital Histories is a timely and pioneering contribution taking stock of how digital research currently advances historical scholarship.