Suchergebnisse

The present study considers the attitude of the US government to the development of the political crisis in Russia in November 1917 – March 1918. The author examines the main factors that influenced the position of the official Washington in relation to the opposing parties to the conflict during this period: the beginning of separate negotiations between the Soviet government and Germany, the lack of unity in the anti-Bolshevist camp, the desire of the allies to use the situation in Russia in order to realize their own interests. Particular attention is paid to the White House's striving to preserve a single central government in Russia during World War I and the desire of American leadership to distance itself from direct intervention in the conflict and thus maintain the possibility to interact with all opposing sides. The study evaluates the role of this stage in the evolution of the US government's views on the "Russian question" and its impact on the implementation of the American program on a post-war peaceful settlement.

The paper examines the history of the formation of Harbin poly-technical university, which is one of the leading modern universities of the People's Republic of China and the initial period of its operation as the Russian-Chinese Polytechnic Institute (RCPI). The research is based on reports on the activities of the RCPI for the 1920–1925s, prepared for the Harbin press by its first principle, Russian engineer Alexey Alekseyevich Schelkoff (1876–1942), who found himself in China (since 1920) on the wave of post-October emigration. The studied sources made it possible to present the Institute's organization as a result of joint activities of the Russian and Chinese administration of the Board of the China-Eastern railway and representatives of the emigrant scientific community to provide the road with qualified engineering personnel, to clarify information about the personal composition of the Society for the establishment of the Russian-Chinese Institute from the Chinese side. The article describes the structure of the Institute, highlights the features of financing RCPI and the organization of the educational process. The data on the number and personal of the first RCPI teachers (as of 1923), the dynamics of growth in the number of students in 1920–1924, including information on the number of Chinese students studying at the University, are presented. The names of the first graduates who graduated from the Institute in October 1924 and January 1925 are given.

The research studies the situation of German entrepreneurs in the Russian Far East during the First World War. It shows how the conditions for German activity in Russia changed during the war, and describes the campaign against "German domination". Based on various archival sources, the author examines how anti-German sentiment affected the position of Germans and the state of their business in the region. The article analyzes the reasons why the largest German companies managed to survive despite the liquidation laws. It describes the policy of the Far Eastern exchange committees about German entrepreneurs and firms during the war. The author emphasizes that Russian competitors of German entrepreneurs made a certain contribution to inciting anti-German sentiment in the region. The study concluded that during the First World War, German entrepreneurs largely lost their former positions in the economic and social life of the Russian Far East. However, their influence in the region was so significant that even in the current conditions, some of them managed to maintain their businesses and continued to operate, although on a smaller scale.

The author reveals the connection between the desire of the US government to implement a new concept of foreign policy and the development of the self-determination movement in Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, as well as the US attitude to the national issue in the former Russian Empire and the problem of the status of nation-states in 1918–1920. The role of an external factor in the struggle for independence is considered in the paper. Some aspects related to the USA government decision not to recognize new states independence are studied. The factors that had an influence on changes in American policy on this issue, the controversial and inconsistent nature of the policy towards Armenia are explored by the author. The author focuses on inconsistent character of W. Wilson's government policy to Armenia, and the connection between Transcaucasian policy of the United States and the efforts of the Wilson government to internationalize the Black Sea Straits.

As a rule, the tradition of analysis and description of the Russian city space marginalizes significant parts of this space. Thus, industrial zones, low-rise residential areas, etc. fall outside the concept of 'city'. The Soviet 'private sector' often remains outside the scope of analysis, covering more than half of the city's territory and a significant part of its population in individual settlements. This discussion in scientific papers has appeared recently, and we want to proceed with it in the space of Far Eastern cities. In this paper, we propose to look at these 'marginal' territories and the groups inhabiting them from a fundamentally different perspective, to consider them not as 'territories of prospective development', but as already established social space, with its inherent social significances and practices. From the framework of the Khabarovsk city we determine the ratio of 'normal urban' (regular urban development) and 'marginal' spaces on the basis of two years of observation, three series of in-depth interviews and analysis of statistics, demographic and spatial data, and then combine these two separated parts into a single object - the city, which, as we show in our work, is eminently characterized by both these types of spaces. As the study showed, it is in the 'invisible' part of the city that the most stable communities are formed, actively participating in the 'struggle for the city', organizing routine resistance to the aspirations of powerful agents to change their space. In areas of regular urban development, on the contrary, communities are increasingly replaced by 'combinations', associations regarding the use of common elements of urban infrastructure. At the same time, 'meeting points' appear between these parts, uniting the city, giving it a chance to form integrity, or at least coherence. The authors present an analysis of the urban space and urban communities of Khabarovsk in this article.