Suchergebnisse

The present study examined what kinds of patterns of task‐values adolescents show, and whether these patterns predict their educational and occupational expectations and school track. Six hundred and fourteen adolescents were examined twice before their transition to secondary education and once thereafter. The clustering‐by‐cases analyses identified 6 groups: (1) those who placed a high value on all school subjects, (2) those who did not value any of the subjects, (3) those who valued Finnish and social sciences, (4) those who valued in particular practical and art subjects, (5) those who valued only practical and art subjects, and (6) those who especially valued mathematics and science. The patterns of task‐values also predicted adolescents' occupational and educational expectations.

This study examined the contents of adolescents' hopes and fears for the future in a sample of 1,975 urban and rural 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in China. Chinese adolescents' hopes and fears were most often related to future education, occupation, parental well‐being, marriage and family, academics, leisure activities, wealth, interpersonal relationships, collective issues, and self‐related issues. Urban adolescents compared to rural ones reported more hopes for education and leisure activities and held fewer hopes and fears for parental well‐being and interpersonal relationships. Males reported more hopes and fears for marriage, whereas females reported more hopes and fears for parental well‐being. These results suggest the important role of the social and cultural context in adolescents' future thinking.

This study examines whether friend selection, deselection, and socialization differ as a function of the level of cigarette smoking in the friendship group. A total of 1419 students (median age = 16) from upper secondary and vocational schools in Finland were included as targets in the peer network. Targets in the peer network were asked to nominate friends and describe their own cigarette smoking at two time points one year apart. Network analyses revealed similarity arising from selection and deselection on the basis of smoking. Selection effects (i.e., selecting new friends based on similarity) were stronger for adolescents in low‐smoking groups. Deselection effects (i.e., dropping friends based on dissimilarity) were stronger for adolescents in high‐smoking groups.

This study examined genetic and environmental influences on older women's personal goals by using data from the Finnish Twin Study on Aging. The interview for the personal goals was completed by 67 monozygotic (MZ) pairs and 75 dizygotic (DZ) pairs. The tetrachoric correlations for personal goals related to health and functioning, close relationships, and independent living were higher in MZ than DZ twins, indicating possible genetic influence. The pattern of tetrachoric correlations for personal goals related to cultural activities, care of others, and physical exercise indicated environmental influence. For goals concerning health and functioning, independent living, and close relationships, additive genetic effect accounted for about half of the individual variation. The rest was the result of a unique environmental effect. Goals concerning physical exercise and care of others showed moderate common environmental effect, while the rest of the variance was the result of a unique environmental effect. Personal goals concerning cultural activities showed unique environmental effects only.

Frontmatter -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction: Human Development under Conditions of Social Change -- Part I. The Times are Changing - Patterns and Impact of Historical Development -- Psychological Constructions of Social Change -- Refraining concepts of development in the context of social change -- American adolescents' views on family and work: Historical trends from 1976-1992 -- Part II. Changing Context - Immigrant Families with Adolescent Children -- Educational Climate and Intergenerative Transmission in Turkish Families: A Comparison of Migrants in Germany and Non-Migrants -- Adaptation patterns of parents and their children in the U.S. and Canada -- German immigrants in Germany: Adaption of adolescents' timetables for autonomy -- Part III. Bringing Together an Entity - The Sample Case of East-West Unification -- Adolescents and their Parents Facing Social Cange: Families in East and West Germany after Unification -- Career and family orientations of East German women in times of change -- Social life of children in a former bipartite city -- Part IV. Growing Up in Different Contexts - Cross-cultural Perspectives -- Parent-Adolescent Relations in Changing Societies: A Cross-Cultural Study -- Searching for the future in different environments: A comparison of Australian, Finnish and Israeli adolescents' future orientations, explorations and commitments -- Conclusions -- Microsocial variations, families, and adolescent development: Individual and collective ways of dealing with and shaping social change