The empirical analysis of project effects of public works under deflation
In: Journal of Human Environmental Studies, Band 10, Heft 2, S. 85-90
ISSN: 1883-7611
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In: Journal of Human Environmental Studies, Band 10, Heft 2, S. 85-90
ISSN: 1883-7611
In: Journal of Human Environmental Studies, Band 8, Heft 2, S. 163-168
ISSN: 1883-7611
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 25, Heft 17, S. 16434-16445
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 25, Heft 8, S. 7099-7100
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 22, Heft 19, S. 14385-14390
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 23, Heft 3, S. 2027-2032
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 19, Heft 9, S. 3959-3968
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 19, Heft 8, S. 3538-3546
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 25, Heft 17, S. 16269-16276
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 25, Heft 17, S. 16420-16426
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 19, Heft 1, S. 201-213
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Band 25, Heft 8, S. 7223-7230
ISSN: 1614-7499
In: Journal of risk research: the official journal of the Society for Risk Analysis Europe and the Society for Risk Analysis Japan, Band 10, Heft 6, S. 841-851
ISSN: 1466-4461
In: PNAS nexus, Band 1, Heft 3
ISSN: 2752-6542
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit membrane protein complex that catalyzes light-driven oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. The chloride ion (Cl−) has long been known as an essential cofactor for oxygen evolution by PSII, and two Cl− ions (Cl-1 and Cl-2) have been found to specifically bind near the Mn4CaO5 cluster within the oxygen-evolving center (OEC). However, despite intensive studies on these Cl− ions, little is known about the function of Cl-2, the Cl− ion that is associated with the backbone nitrogens of D1-Asn338, D1-Phe339, and CP43-Glu354. In green plant PSII, the membrane extrinsic subunits—PsbP and PsbQ—are responsible for Cl− retention within the OEC. The Loop 4 region of PsbP, consisting of highly conserved residues Thr135–Gly142, is inserted close to Cl-2, but its importance has not been examined to date. Here, we investigated the importance of PsbP-Loop 4 using spinach PSII membranes reconstituted with spinach PsbP proteins harboring mutations in this region. Mutations in PsbP-Loop 4 had remarkable effects on the rate of oxygen evolution by PSII. Moreover, we found that a specific mutation, PsbP-D139N, significantly enhances the oxygen-evolving activity in the absence of PsbQ, but not significantly in its presence. The D139N mutation increased the Cl− retention ability of PsbP and induced a unique structural change in the OEC, as indicated by light-induced Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Our findings provide insight into the functional significance of Cl-2 in the water-oxidizing reaction of PSII.