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In the modern competitive environment/ advertising plays a major role. It helps to establish relationships between human desires and production and/ in so doing, makes possible mass production and mass consumption. Advertising is such an integral part of our everyday life that we sometimes forget its relatively recent origin. Though people have made and exchanged goods and services from time immemorial, it was only in the late nineteenth century that advertising began to foster and to influence these makings and exchanges. Before long, it was a substantial industry in its own right. And from its beginnings, the promotion of goods and services by third parties has been a controversial activity. By taking advantage of the technologies of mass media, advertisers and advertising have been subject increasingly to public suspicion and antipathy. In recent years, this suspicion and antipathy has risen, on occasion, to active distrust and organized opposition. Recently, much has been said about honesty in advertising. In the haze of accusations, three points stand out. It is asserted that advertising lives on implied half-truths, cultivates distortions, and often misleads more than it informs. It is asserted that instead of satisfying real human needs, advertising creates insatiable wants that would not otherwise exist. And it is asserted that advertising wastes the real wealth of an economy by enticing people into purchases injurious to their best interests. In several countries in recent years, persons from outside the advertising industry—from government, from the public at large, or from both—have seriously damaged the effectiveness of advertising as an economic tool. The results to the social environment are a broad misunderstanding of the economic value of advertising and the suspicion of hidden, "sinister" powers at work. The result for the advertising industry are restrictions on the amount of advertising space and time permitted, arbitrary taxes on advertising, or even prohibitions on the use of certain media ...

As a vital method to resolve conflicts between water use in upstream and downstream areas and solve the problem of transboundary water pollution, watershed ecological compensation is widely used worldwide. It is necessary to analyze the influencing factors of watershed ecological compensation from the perspective of how different governments interact with each other. However, the previous literature has paid less attention to the special situation of cross-regional water diversion projects, the changing processes of governmental behavior, and the interventions by the central government. Therefore, when taking the upstream and downstream governments and the central government in the basin of a cross-regional water diversion project as research objects, it is important to study their behavior and influencing factors to improve the ecological compensation system in the basin. This paper first analyzes the interactions among upstream, downstream, and central governments in the basin, based on evolutionary game theory. Second, the evolutionary game models before and after the interventions by the central government were developed separately, and the effects of different contexts on the dynamic evolutionary process were analyzed. Finally, taking the Hanjiang River Basin as an example, which is where the water source area of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Project is located, the opportunity cost of protecting the water environment in the upstream areas of this basin was estimated by establishing an econometric regression model using data on water quality and gross domestic product. The results show that (1) the initial probabilities of governments affect their final behaviors; (2) even without the supervision of the central government, it is still possible for upstream and downstream governments to reach the desired state spontaneously; (3) the supervision of the central government can promote upstream and downstream governments to reach a stable state faster; and (4) the current level of compensation from the central government is significantly lower than the opportunity cost of protecting the water environment for upstream governments in the Hanjiang River Basin. This paper can provide helpful insights for improving the ecological compensation system in the basin, which helps promote cooperation in water environment protection.

Although scholars have discussed in depth about the evaluation content and the construction of evaluation index system of emergency management and crisis management, a unified and standardized interpretation of system construction concepts and empirical research on the performance evaluation of urban emergency management is still lacking. In view of this, this paper is based on the theory of the crisis life cycle, with the four phases of urban emergency management and the content of the task as a clue, constructed a performance evaluation index system containing 12 primary indicators and 44 secondary indicators, and centered on the emergency management work situation of S city. The study reveals that emergency management underperforms in S city, with a score of 5.948, qualifying as the "defined level". The "prevention and preparedness stage" receives poor evaluation, indicating a significant bias for crisis response instead of prevention. The report suggests the improvement of emergency material stockpile planning, the formation of grassroots emergency response teams, the emergency management publicity, and special emergency drill plans, etc., with a view to providing reference for city managers to comprehensively review and evaluate the emergency management system, and to promote the construction of a more systematic, complete and scientific urban emergency management system.

AbstractA facile method was used to synthesize amorphous potassium ferricyanide (PF)@ZIF‐67 nanocages, a novel metal–organic framework derivative. The structure, composition and morphology of PF@ZIF‐67 were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that PF@ZIF‐67 nanoparticles were successfully prepared and its nanostructure has high crystallinity. The prepared materials were employed as heterogeneous persulfate catalysts for the degradation of levofloxacin (LEV). The effects of some key parameters including sodium persulfate (PS) dosage, PF@ZIF‐67, initial solution pH and reaction time on LEV degradation were investigated. PF@ZIF‐67 showed higher catalytic capacity for LEV degradation compared to ZIF‐67, implying the iron‐cobalt synergy in the material. Under the optimized conditions of 8.4‐mM PS, 0.5 g/L PF@ZIF‐67 at an initial solution pH of 7.2, 85.8% of LEV could be removed within 240 min. The quenching experiments suggest that sulfate radicals were the predominant reactive species.

In the 2010s, feminism thrived in China amid a transformation in social stratification and a rise in women's social status. The focus of this study is on the representation of the images of women of various social strata in national news reports. Taking Xinwen Lianbo, a national news program produced by China Central Television, as an example, we analyzed visual representations of 360 female figures from 2011 to 2020. The findings revealed that, rather than reflecting China's Tǔ-shaped stratification structure, the program depicted an "olive-shaped" pseudo-society in which women of what we term the "middle" stratum constituted the largest portion and served as multifaceted role models, women of the "prominent" stratum served as bellwethers of socioeconomic development, and women of the "ordinary" stratum did not participate in social development. The program's imagery also created a double standard for domestic duties: Women of the prominent stratum were depicted as disembedded from the social role of housewife and breaking through the career "glass ceiling," though not achieving equality with men in terms of their positions in society or politics, while women of the ordinary stratum as bearing the ideological reshuffle of conservative gender values. This study suggests a fresh perspective on the great disparities in the representation of women in different strata, which differs from the status of gender and stratum in real society.

As an internationally important wintering region for waterfowls on the East Asian&ndash ; Australasian Flyway, the national reserve of China&rsquo ; s East Dongting Lake wetland is abundant in animal and plant resources during winter. The hydrological regimes, as well as vegetation dynamics, in the wetland have experienced substantial changes due to global climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, such as the construction of hydroelectric dams. However, few studies have investigated how the wetland vegetation has changed over time, particularly during the wintering season, and how this has directly affected habitat suitability for migratory waterfowl. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation in the protected wetland and explore the potential factors that alter it. In this study, the data set of time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 2000 to 2018 was used to analyze the seasonal dynamics and interannual trends of vegetation over the wintering period from October to January. The results showed that the average NDVI exhibited an overall increasing trend, with the trend rising slowly in recent years. The largest monthly mean NDVI generally occurred in November, which is pertinent to the quantity of wintering waterfowl in the East Dongting Lake wetland. Meanwhile, the mean NDVI in the wintering season is significantly correlated to temperature and water area, with apparent lagging effects. Long-term stability analysis presented a gradually decreasing pattern from the central body of water to the surrounding area. All analyses will help the government to make appropriate management strategies to protect the habitat of wintering waterfowl in the wetland.

The area with the highest concentration of carbon emission activities is construction land. However, few studies have been conducted that investigated the different effects of various types of construction land on carbon emissions and the extent of their impact. To address this shortcoming, this study constructed a multi-indicator evaluation system with 393 counties in Southwest China and integrated ordinary least squares and spatial regression models to deeply analyze the different impacts of construction land types on carbon emissions. The results revealed that (1) in Southwest China, carbon emissions were generally distributed in clusters, with significant spatial variability and dependence; (2) the distribution of urban land scale, rural settlement land scale, and other construction land scale all showed obvious spatial clustering differences; (3) all three types of construction land's effect on carbon emissions was positive, and the direction of impact was in line with theoretical expectations; and (4) the other construction land scale had the highest effect on carbon emissions, followed by rural settlement land scale, while the urban land scale was slightly lower. The findings help to further explain the different impacts of construction land types on carbon emissions and provide theoretical references for the government to formulate more refined emissions reduction policies.