Suchergebnisse

This paper argues that the exchange theories of sociological utilitarianism should be combined with ethical theories premised on the intrinsic value of human life in order to understand more completely the components of human interaction. This is necessary because each theory relies on a distinct social-psychological dimension of human behavior: ethical theories explicate the concept of the "self," which psychologically functions as evidence that the individual "exists," whereas social exchange theories explicate the narcissistic concept of "self-image," defined as the pleasure and/or pain of existence. It is further argued that a particularized combination of self and self-image produces an individual's concept of "identity." The value of integrating these concepts into an analysis of human interaction is most easily seen when applied to traumatic human interaction. Here the resulting psychological damage can be effectively analyzed and better understood by reference to these three dimensions: self, based on a principle of ethics; self-image, based on a principle of utility; and identity, based on a particularized combination of self and self-image. This treatment of traumatic human interaction synthesizes literature on social exchange (especially the work of George Homans), ethical theories of human value (especially the work of Lawrence Kohlberg), literature on trauma (especially that of Robert Jay Lifton), as well as psychological theories of self, self-image, and identity (especially the work of Kernberg, Kohut, and Erikson), thereby contributing a new perspective to our understanding of the bases of human interaction.

The current explanation that women's increased employment has resulted in their increased political participation is investigated. Measures of achieved SS, based on the occupational prestige of one's own job & only applicable to employed Ms & Fs, & derived SS, based on the occupational prestige of one's spouse's job & applicable to housewives, were used to examine the interaction effects of SS & employment. Data are from 5 national election surveys conducted by the U of Michigan Survey Research Center from 1956 to 1976. Results show that SS variables, rather than employment, are the important determinants of women's political participation patterns. 5 Tables, 16 References. Modified HA.

Sources of opposition and support for woman suffrage are analyzed with the use of the responses of male voters to constitutional referenda held in six key states during the Progressive era. Traditional axes of opposition and support for suffrage are examined, establishing that stable sources of suffrage support originate most often from Protestant and northern European constituencies (with the exception of Germans), whereas southern Europeans and Catholics (except for Germans) generally show no consistent patterns. Opposition to suffrage is most constant from Germans—both Catholic and Protestant—and from urban constituencies. A structural model indicating the greater importance of prohibition as an intervening variable compared to partisanship or turnout at the grass-roots level of voting behavior explicates the sources of direct and indirect support for suffrage while it also demonstrates the influence of educational commitment in determining suffrage voting patterns. Except in the West, opposition to suffrage was intense and greater at the grass-roots level than among legislative elites. The ultimate success of the federal amendment is discussed in the context of state referenda, the changed political climate after American entry into World War I, and the innovative efforts of state legislatures to grant "presidential" suffrage, thereby circumventing what proved to be the difficult referenda route.