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This article highlights the 1984 analysis results of the Large Industrial Interruptible/ Cur tailment project, a load management program operated by Pacific Gas and Electric Company. The project and its operating principles are described and a method for estimation of the demand reductions is presented. After the results of the seven operations that took place during peak demand days in 1984 are summarized, the efficiency of customer performance is evaluated by comparing the magnitude of the demand relief received to the amount expected. The article concludes with a discussion of some design implications of similar efforts.

This is a non-credit, free course which provides guidelines for good practice in research data management. The course is particularly appropriate for postgraduate students and early career researchers who work with data and would like to learn more about managing their research data. The course content is mainly geared for three disciplines: geosciences, social and political sciences and clinical psychology, however, many of the issues covered apply equally to all research disciplines. This course is an Open Educational Resource that may be freely used by anyone. It is available through an open license for re-using, rebranding, repurposing.

AbstractPrior to changes in the Western Australian legislation in 1993 an injured worker could sue his or her employer for damages at common law irrespective of the seriousness of injury or size of damages. A common law action is conditional on the personal injury being sustained during the course of employment, and caused by the negligence or breach of statutory duty of the employer. In recent years there has been concern expressed about the efficacy of the common law process in providing injured workers with awards that match their pecuniary and non‐pecuniary losses. We address this issue by developing a model of the determination of common law awards in which we assume pre‐trial settlement. We find that the economic mechanisms which bring plaintiff and defendant to a pre‐trial settlement will not necessarily produce an award settlement consistent with the size of pecuniary and non‐pecuniary losses. The model is subjected to an empirical examination using a sample of 384 plaintiffs whose cases were closed in Western Australia in 1990. Our results indicate that in practice the common law process fails to determine an individual assessment of injured workers' losses. In particular, awards represent an inadequate compensation for the losses suffered by severely incapacitated plaintiffs.

Legislative limits for Fusarium mycotoxins decrease from unprocessed wheat to processed products. A previous observational study identified a seasonal difference in the distribution of deoxynivalenol (DON) but not zearalenone (ZON) within mill fractions. Rainfall is known to influence the production of these mycotoxins in wheat, but the effects of rainfall on their distribution within mill fractions is not known. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the impact of different watering regimes on the distribution of DON and ZON in wheat mill fractions. Results indicated that repeated wetting and drying could cause movement of DON towards equilibrium across the mill fractions. Whereas, high levels of rainfall could cause a large reduction of DON in the grain, predominantly from the bran fraction, resulting in a proportional increase within white flour. ZON was detectable in fewer samples but results indicated it is less mobile within the grain. It is important for processors to be aware of the variation of mycotoxin distribution within mill fractions and the drivers of this variation to ensure limits set for grain intake result in mill products within mycotoxin legislative limits.

11 pags, 6 figs ; Simultaneous measurements of atomic iodine (I), molecular iodine (I 2) and ultrafine particles were made at O Grove, Galicia (42.50° N, 8.87° W), on the northwest coast of Spain. The observations show a strong tidal signature, and indicate that the most probable sources of reactive iodine species are the exposed macroalgae during low tide. For the first time, I 2 and I were concurrently measured revealing a high average I2/I ratio of ∼32, which is higher than previously inferred by modelling studies. A 1-dimensional photochemical model is employed to simulate the observations showing that the high I2/I ratio can be reproduced in the presence of fast vertical mixing close to the surface, or using an extra chemical loss for I atoms with an unknown species. There is a lack of strong correlation between the I2/I and ultrafine particles, indicating that although they both have macroalgal sources, these were not at the same location. The model simulations also suggest that the source of the observed ultrafine particles is likely not very close to the measurement site, in order for the particles to form and grow, but the source for I and I2 must be local. Finally, the effect of NOx levels on iodine oxides, and the conditions under which iodine particle bursts will be suppressed, are explored. © 2011 Author(s). ; The authors thank Rolando Argibai and Marisol Garcia for logistical support during the campaign. We are grateful to T. Ingham for instrumental support and helpful comments. This work was funded by the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) and the Regional Government of Castilla-La-Mancha (FGMACLM). ; Peer reviewed

© 2018 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Importance: Individually designed single-patient multi-crossover (n-of-1) trials can facilitate tailoring of treatments directed at various conditions, including chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMSP) but are potentially burdensome, which may limit uptake in research and practice. Objectives: To determine whether patients randomized to participate in an n-of-1 trial supported by a mobile health (mHealth) app would experience less pain and improved global health, adherence, satisfaction, and shared decision making compared with patients assigned to usual care. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized clinical trial compared participation in an individualized, mHealth-supported n-of-1 trial vs usual care. The participating 215 patients had CMSP for at least 6 weeks, had a smartphone or tablet with a data plan, were enrolled in northern California from July 2014 through July 2016, and were followed for up to 1 year by 48 clinicians in academic, community, Veterans Affairs, and military settings. Interventions: Intervention patients met with their clinicians and used a desktop interface to select treatments and trial parameters for an n-of-1 trial comparing 2 pain-management regimens. The mHealth app provided reminders to take designated treatments on assigned days and to upload responses to daily questions on pain and treatment-associated adverse effects. Control patients received care as usual. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was change in the PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) pain-related interference 8-item short-form scale (full scale range, 41-78) from baseline to 6 months. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported pain intensity, overall health, analgesic adherence, trust in clinician, satisfaction with care, medication-related shared decision making, and, for the n-of-1 group only, participant engagement and experience. Results: Among 215 patients (108 randomized to the n-of-1 intervention and 107 to control), 102 (47%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 55.5 (11.1) years. At the 6-month follow-up, pain interference was reduced in both groups, though there was no difference between the intervention and control groups (-1.36 points; 95% CI, -2.91 to 0.19 points; P =.09). There were no advantages in secondary outcomes for intervention patients vs control patients except for higher medication-related shared decision making at 6 months (between-group difference, 11.9 points; 95% CI, 2.6-21.2 points; P =.01). Among patients assigned to the n-of-1 group, 88% (n = 86) affirmed that the mHealth app could help people like them manage their pain. Conclusions and Relevance: In this population of patients with CMSP, mHealth-supported n-of-1 trials were feasible and associated with a satisfactory user experience, but n-of-1 trial participation did not significantly improve pain interference at 6 months vs usual care. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02116621.