Social Security Reforms in China's Economic Transition: Towards "Market Socialism"
In: Mondes en développement, Volume 25, Issue 99, p. 57-72
ISSN: 0302-3052
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In: Mondes en développement, Volume 25, Issue 99, p. 57-72
ISSN: 0302-3052
In: The China quarterly, Volume 145, p. 201-202
ISSN: 1468-2648
In: Political science quarterly: a nonpartisan journal devoted to the study and analysis of government, politics and international affairs ; PSQ, Volume 110, Issue 1, p. 133-133
ISSN: 1538-165X
In: Political science quarterly: PSQ ; the journal public and international affairs, Volume 110, Issue 1, p. 133
ISSN: 0032-3195
In: Pacific affairs: an international review of Asia and the Pacific, Volume 75, Issue 3, p. 442
ISSN: 1715-3379
In: The journal of politics: JOP, Volume 64, Issue 1, p. 303-306
ISSN: 0022-3816
In: The political quarterly: PQ, Volume 72, Issue 3, p. 397-398
ISSN: 0032-3179
In: The China quarterly: an international journal for the study of China, Issue 158, p. 501-502
ISSN: 0305-7410, 0009-4439
In: Asian survey, Volume 36, Issue 3, p. 246-267
ISSN: 1533-838X
In: American political science review, Volume 108, Issue 3
ISSN: 1537-5943
We argue that interjurisdiction competition in authoritarian regimes engenders a specific logic for taxation. Promotion-seeking local officials are incentivized to signal loyalty and competence to their principals through tangible fiscal revenues. The greater the number of officials accountable to the same principal, the more intense political competition is, resulting in higher taxation; however, too many officials accountable to the same principal leads to lower taxation due to shirking by uncompetitive officials and the fear of political instability. Using a panel dataset of all Chinese county-level jurisdictions from 1999-2006, we find strong evidence for an inverse U-shaped relationship between the number of county-level jurisdictions within a prefecture-our proxy for the intensity of political competition-and fiscal revenues in most provinces but not so in politically unstable ethnic minority regions. The results are robust to various alternative specifications, including models that account for heterogeneous county characteristics and spatial interdependence. Adapted from the source document.
In: The China quarterly: an international journal for the study of China, Issue 145, p. 201-202
ISSN: 0305-7410, 0009-4439
SSRN
In: The China quarterly: an international journal for the study of China, Issue 155, p. 670-671
ISSN: 0305-7410, 0009-4439
In: American journal of political science, Volume 56, Issue 3, p. 638-654
ISSN: 1540-5907
One important puzzle in international political economy is why lower-earning and less-skilled intensive industries tend to receive relatively high levels of trade protection. This pattern of protection holds across countries with vastly different economic and political characteristics and is not well accounted for in existing political economy models. We propose and model one possible explanation: that individual inequity aversion leads to systematic differences in support for trade protection across industries. We conduct original survey experiments in China and the United States and provide strong evidence that individual policy opinions about sector-specific trade protection depend on the earnings of workers in the sector. We also present structural estimates that advantageous and disadvantageous inequality influence support for trade protection in the two countries. Adapted from the source document.
In: Environmental science and pollution research: ESPR, Volume 30, Issue 27, p. 69824-69836
ISSN: 1614-7499
AbstractEnvironmental pollution seriously affects human health. The concentration of negative air ions (NAIs), which were discovered at the end of the nineteenth century, is one of the factors used to evaluate air quality. Additionally, NAIs have been widely considered markers by scholars due to their unique biological function. The aim of this study was to summarize existing research and propose future research on the generation and temporal and spatial dynamic patterns of NAIs concentrations as well as the relationship between NAIs and human health. We identified 187 studies (published January 2013–January 2023) that met our inclusion criteria. Fourteen English studies evaluated the effects of NAIs on depression, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, reproduction and development, cognition, and sports muscle injury. Only two studies reported the associations of NAIs exposure with metabolic omics. NAIs concentrations vary temporally with solar radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity, while the temporal dynamic patterns of NAIs are affected by season, time, meteorological factors, air quality index, geographical location, forest vegetation, and other factors. Researchers have shown that exposure to NAIs may benefit our health by changing amino acid metabolism, which mainly manifests as increased anti-inflammation and reduced inflammation and antioxidation. Furthermore, exposure to NAIs promotes energy production, affects the expression of c-fos, and regulates 5-HT levels. There has been considerable interest in the potential effects of NAIs on human health and well-being, but the conclusions have been inconsistent and the mechanisms remain unclear. The use of omics to elucidate the biological mechanism of NAIs is relatively new and has some advantages.
Graphical Abstract