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Democratisation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is necessarily constrained by the trepidation of the central government in Beijing, which views radical political reform as a step towards an expansion of western influence upon both Hong Kong and mainland China. The political culture of Beijing constantly clashes with that of the pro-democracy Hong Kong people, who regard themselves as politically mature enough to enjoy the luxury of Western-style democracy. The collision between the two political cultures came to a head in December 2005, when the pro-democracy legislators rejected the political reform blueprint proposed by the Hong Kong government. However, the participation of the mainstream democrats in the 2007 Chief Executive election was a watershed in Hong Kong's political development. It signaled an amalgamation of the mainland Chinese political culture, which emphasises patrimonialism and personnel control, and Hong Kong's political conventions, which stress pluralistic competition, public accountability and transparency. The blend of patrimonialism and pluralism will continue to be a hallmark of the evolving Beijing-Hong Kong political relations in the years to come. Adapted from the source document.

Democratisation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is necessarily constrained by the trepidation of the central government in Beijing, which views radical political reform as a step towards an expansion of western influence upon both Hong Kong and mainland China. The political culture of Beijing constantly clashes with that of the pro-democracy Hong Kong people, who regard themselves as politically mature enough to enjoy the luxury of Western-style democracy. The collision between the two political cultures came to a head in December 2005, when the pro-democracy legislators rejected the political reform blueprint proposed by the Hong Kong government. However, the participation of the mainstream democrats in the 2007 Chief Executive election was a watershed in Hong Kong's political development. It signaled an amalgamation of the mainland Chinese political culture, which emphasises patrimonialism and personnel control, and Hong Kong's political conventions, which stress pluralistic competition, public accountability and transparency. The blend of patrimonialism and pluralism will continue to be a hallmark of the evolving Beijing-Hong Kong political relations in the years to come. Adapted from the source document.

PurposeThis paper aims at comparing and contrasting the Ao Man-long scandal with the Ho Chio-meng case in Macau, drawing lessons from the two events and casting lights on the literature on corruption scandals.Design/methodology/approachThe study used documentary research and interpretative and analytical approaches.FindingsThe two cases show considerable administrative discretion on the part of the principal officials involved, and remedial measures along the line of having more rigorous and frequent internal auditing may be necessary.Originality/valueOriginal analyses were conducted together with literature review and documentary research. This paper would be of interest to scholars and practitioners concerned with how Macau combats corruption.

Acknowledgment -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Toward an Analytical Framework of Understanding the Context and Content of Policing -- Policing as Interactions Between the State Organization and Environment -- The Scope of Policing and Crime Control in Greater China -- Comparative Systemic Differences -- Chapter 2: Policing in China -- Protecting State Leaders: Reforms of the Military and Paramilitary Police -- Dealing with Terrorism and Non-governmental Organizations

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