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This article analyzes the political and legal aspects of the first decrees of the Soviet government from 1917 and the codified acts on marriage and family from 1918 and 1926 as large and small "revolutions" in Russian and Soviet family law. These acts put Russia forward into progressive positions in comparison with comparable European and American law of that time. The article analyzes the repressive, "counterrevolutionary" decisions of 1930s and 1940s that pushed family law, particularly in the sphere of marriage and the legal status of children born out of wedlock, back to pre-revolutionary imperial standards. It also reviews the normative legal acts on marriage and the family dating from the "Khrushchev thaw" period. The article identifies the contradictory and conflicting approaches of legal scholars and legislators to the methodology of legal regulation of family relations in different periods of political and social history, as well as in our times. The quality of Russia's current family legislation, which mainly evolved during the political, economic and social reforms of the late 20th century, is also assessed. The article traces the influence of Soviet family law on the content of similar legislation elsewhere in Eastern Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union, where there are various levels of legal sovereignty. Their independent legal positions, which are worth comparing with Russia's family-law doctrine and legislation, are revealed. The article investigates and evaluates both successful and partially unsuccessful attempts of modern Russian legislators to adapt the current Family Code and other federal laws regulating family relations to new challenges in the sphere of marriage and family. It speculates on three tendencies of family law doctrine: a certain adherence to the revolutionary ideas of 1917, an orientation toward areturn to traditional family values, and a relatively peaceful coexistence with Western doctrines.

This article analyzes the political and legal aspects of the first decrees of the Soviet government from 1917 and the codified acts on marriage and family from 1918 and 1926 as large and small "revolutions" in Russian and Soviet family law. These acts put Russia forward into progressive positions in comparison with comparable European and American law of that time. The article analyzes the repressive, "counterrevolutionary" decisions of 1930s and 1940s that pushed family law, particularly in the sphere of marriage and the legal status of children born out of wedlock, back to pre-revolutionary imperial standards. It also reviews the normative legal acts on marriage and the family dating from the "Khrushchev thaw" period. The article identifies the contradictory and conflicting approaches of legal scholars and legislators to the methodology of legal regulation of family relations in different periods of political and social history, as well as in our times. The quality of Russia's current family legislation, which mainly evolved during the political, economic and social reforms of the late 20th century, is also assessed. The article traces the influence of Soviet family law on the content of similar legislation elsewhere in Eastern Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union, where there are various levels of legal sovereignty. Their independent legal positions, which are worth comparing with Russia's family-law doctrine and legislation, are revealed. The article investigates and evaluates both successful and partially unsuccessful attempts of modern Russian legislators to adapt the current Family Code and other federal laws regulating family relations to new challenges in the sphere of marriage and family. It speculates on three tendencies of family law doctrine: a certain adherence to the revolutionary ideas of 1917, an orientation toward a return to traditional family values, and a relatively peaceful coexistence with Western doctrines.

This article discusses the current trends in Russian legal doctrine and legislation on aligning the legal status of women and men, taking into account the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court of Human Rights.It analyzes and critically reflects upon the gender aspects and content of those branches of Russian law in which such aspects are most clearly represented, either objectively or by tradition – techniques for gender neutralization of legal norms, the establishment of gender privileges and gender restrictions in legal status.Constitutional law: the basic premise of gender equality, preferential treatment for certain categories of citizens, gender limitations; problems of quotas for women's representation in government, administration and other structures, provisions for women's representation in party electoral lists, etc.Criminal Law: trends in the gender neutralization of crimes of a sexual nature while maintaining criminal responsibility for offenses against pregnant women, etc.; gender neutralization of preferential treatment in the punishment of persons with children.Family Law: Russia's traditional view of marriage and parenthood; privileges for women in the divorce process, disputes about children, maintenance obligations; gender restrictions on adoption, assisted reproductive technologies; variants of gender neutralization of some family law norms.Labor law: the preservation of absolute protection of the rights and interests of pregnant women and mothers of young children; the trend for gender neutralization of the legal status of parents of young children; continued restrictions on women's access to certain areas of work.Analysis of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court of Human Rights shows that on a number of gender equality aspects in Russian legislation and law enforcement practice, the views of these courts differ greatly. At the same time, there is a convergence of views on certain issues (for example, on the implementation of the legal status of persons with family responsibilities).

Since 2014 the Ukraine conflict has overshadowed Russia's North Caucasus issues, both within the country and abroad. Yet on its Caucasian margins, the Russian state continues to find itself confronted with challenges that affect its internal security and stability as a multi-ethnic state. Dagestan, the largest of the Caucasian republics, has become a flashpoint between security forces and the armed insurgency during the past five years, while changes in Islamist leadership have made it the ideological and logistical centre of North Caucasian jihadism; in this respect it has in fact overtaken Chechnya. What impact did the Chechen wars have on neighbouring Dagestan? How has the religious 'rebirth' since the end of the Soviet Union proceeded in this part of Russia, where Islam is more deeply rooted than anywhere elsewhere in the Federation? How does Dagestan's great ethnic diversity affect its political and social life? This study addresses these questions, exploring the problems that make Dagestan stand out as Russia's most troublesome republic. (SWP Research Paper)

Der Ukraine-Konflikt hat seit 2014 den Nordkaukasus aus der Berichterstattung in und über Russland verdrängt. Doch an seiner kaukasischen Staatsperipherie ist Russland auch weiterhin mit Herausforderungen konfrontiert, die seine innere Sicherheit und die Stabilität als Vielvölkerstaat betreffen. Dagestan - die größte kaukasische Teilrepublik - bildete dabei in den letzten fünf Jahren einen Brennpunkt der Kämpfe zwischen Sicherheitskräften und bewaffnetem Untergrund. Mit einem Führungswechsel im "Kaukasus-Emirat" wurde Dagestan auch zum ideologischen und logistischen Zentrum eines nordkaukasischen Jihadismus; in dieser Hinsicht hat die Teilrepublik damit Tschetschenien überholt. Welchen Einfluss hatten die Kriege in Tschetschenien auf die Nachbarrepublik? Wie hat sich nach Ende der Sowjetunion die religiöse "Wiedergeburt" in diesem Landesteil Russlands vollzogen, wo der Islam tiefer verwurzelt ist als in anderen Gebieten der Föderation? Wie wirkt sich die große ethnische Vielfalt Dagestans auf das politische und gesellschaftliche Leben der Republik aus? Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich diesen Fragen und thematisiert damit Problemfelder, durch die sich Dagestan als schwierigste Teilrepublik Russlands hervorhebt. (SWP-Studien)

This work is performed as part of the cognitive-discursive paradigm of modern linguistics. The object of the investigation is the concept "computer virus" and its linguistic representation in a computer virology discourse. The research is based on the texts from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The first stage of the linguistic and conceptual investigation of "computer virus" is based on Metaphor Investigation Process (MIPVU) developed by the Metaphor Lab at VU University Amsterdam. The identification procedure includes the following main steps: reading the text/discourse, acquiring a general understanding of its meaning, selecting lexical units from the text/discourse, and establishing their contextual and contemporary meanings. If the contextual meaning contrasts with the basic meaning but can be understood in comparison with it, the lexical unit is marked as metaphorical (Pragglejaz Group 2007). The second stage of the investigation is based on the method of metaphorical modeling, which implies taxonomic categorization, developed by S. Mishlanova (Mishlanova 2002). On the basis of corpus analysis a metaphorical model "computer virus" was constructed. The model represents a taxonomic structure, which includes the basic taxons "man as a social subject," "man as a biological creature," and "animal." The most representative areas of source domains included, "military operation" (represented by such linguistic metaphors as attack, strike, defeat ), "diseases" ( crippling, succumb, infected ), and "interpersonal relations" ( be angry at, enter into, want ). At the current stage of computer virology development, metaphor plays a very important role as a universal tool for conceptualization and categorization of new knowledge that relies on the preceding experience of the person participating in the cognitive process. The structure of the concept "computer virus" is a hierarchical system, fixing the unscientific notion of a computer virus, the peculiarities of its functioning, and the ways to combat this malicious program.

In the oil and gas industry, there is growing interest in using the PC-SAFT equation of state for predicting the
phase behaviour and physical properties of hydrocarbons. This article demonstrates how this equation of state
can be used in combination with the direct energy minimization algorithm of an isochoric-isothermal system
for calculating vapour-liquid equilibrium parameters of hydrocarbons. The proposed approach is tested on
four substances: methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane.

The development of information and communication technologies contributes to the creation and active use of various digital services and platforms in the public sphere of interaction between government and society. However, the conditions of their interaction in the digital space, especially at the regional level, have not been sufficiently studied and require close attention. In this regard, the article analyzes the processes of digitalization of electoral procedures, institutions of public chambers and public councils, the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and volunteerism as forms of interaction between government and society. Empirical data were collected in a number of studies: analysis of the activities of resource centers for supporting NGOs and civil activists; analysis of the activity of public chambers on the Internet; identification of state regulation of the digitalization process of key forms of public activity; surveys of employees of public authorities of the Yaroslavl region; surveys of managers and employees of non-profit organizations of the Yaroslavl region.

Stress leads to hormonal imbalance – a major cause for ovarian cyst. According to various statistics Latvia ranks highest in ovarian cancer rate [ 14.3 per 100,000 women] and every 1 in 7 people suffer from severe mood disorders. According to WHO, European Union countries have highest rate of ovarian cysts than other places [10-17%] and 26% mental disorders (stress, anxiety, depression) as well. In India 1 in 4 women suffer from ovarian cyst and according to WHO 6.5% of Indian women suffer from mental disorders, making it most depressed country in the world, followed by China and USA. In Turkey 4.4% women have depression and 13.1% suffer from Ovarian cysts. Ovarian cysts are usually considered to be due to sex hormone imbalance but in reality our brain understands oestrogen and progesterone and interprets them in consequential way. Stress causes adrenal gland to produce more cortisol and in extreme stress adrenal gland borrows raw material to make cortisol from progesterone leading to low levels of female sex hormones. Due to this imbalance follicular cysts are triggered. Follicular ovarian cysts are mainly triggered due to stressful lifestyle. Places where depression, anxiety, stress are more, women living in such conditions usually suffer from ovarian cysts more than places where such mental disorders are less. ; Stres hormonal dengesizliğe yol açar - yumurtalık kisti için önemli bir neden. Çeşitli istatistiklere göre, Letonya yumurtalık kanseri oranının en yüksek olduğu [100.000 kadında 14,3] ve her 7 kişiden 1'inde şiddetli duygudurum bozuklukları var. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'ne göre, Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri diğer bölgelerden [% 10-17] ve% 26 zihinsel bozukluklardan (stres, endişe, depresyon) daha fazla oranda yumurtalık kisti oranına sahiptir. Hindistan'da, her 4 kadından 1'i yumurtalık kistinden muzdariptir ve WHO'ya göre Hintli kadınların % 6,5'i zihinsel bozukluklardan muzdariptir. Bu da Hindistan'ı dünyada en çok depresyon vakası görülen ülke yapmakla beraber; Hindistan'ı Çin ve ABD izler. Türkiye'de ise % 4,4'ünde kadınlar depresyon; % 13,1'inde over kistleri görülür. Yumurtalık kistleri genellikle cinsiyet hormonu dengesizliği nedeniyle kabul edilir, ancak gerçekte beynimiz östrojen ve progesteronu anlar ve bunları sonuçta yorumlar. Stres, adrenal bezin daha fazla kortizol üretmesine neden olur ve aşırı stres altında adrenal bez, progesteron'dan kortizol yapmak için düşük miktarda kadın cinsiyet hormonuna yol açan etken maddeyi alır. Bu dengesizlik nedeniyle yumurtalık kistleri tetiklenir. Foliküler kistler çoğunlukla stresli yaşam tarzı nedeniyle tetiklenir. Depresyon, anksiyete, stresin daha fazla olduğu yerler, bu koşullarda yaşayan kadınlar genellikle yumurtalık kistlerinden muzdariptir, bu tür zihinsel bozuklukların daha az olduğu yerlerden daha fazladır.