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Large herbivores play key roles in terrestrial ecosystems. Continuous defaunation processes have produced cascade effects on plant community composition, vegetation structure, and even climate. Wood-pastures were created by traditional management practices that have maintained open structures and biodiversity for millennia. In Europe, despite the broad recognition of their biological importance, such landscapes are declining due to land-use changes. This calls for finding urgent solutions for wood-pasture conservation. To test whether introducing an ecological replacement of an extinct wild horse could have positive effects on wood-pasture restoration, we designed a 3-year rewilding experiment. Horses created a more open wood-pasture structure by browsing on seedlings and saplings, affected tree composition via selective browsing and controlled the colonization of woody vegetation in grassland-dominated areas. Thus, rewilding could be a potential avenue for wood-pasture restoration and biodiversity conservation. However, such benefits may not materialize without a necessary paradigm and political shift.

Large herbivores play key roles in terrestrial ecosystems. Continuous defaunation processes have produced cascade effects on plant community composition, vegetation structure, and even climate. Wood-pastures were created by traditional management practices that have maintained open structures and biodiversity for millennia. In Europe, despite the broad recognition of their biological importance, such landscapes are declining due to land-use changes. This calls for finding urgent solutions for wood-pasture conservation. To test whether introducing an ecological replacement of an extinct wild horse could have positive effects on wood-pasture restoration, we designed a 3-year rewilding experiment. Horses created a more open wood-pasture structure by browsing on seedlings and saplings, affected tree composition via selective browsing and controlled the colonization of woody vegetation in grassland-dominated areas. Thus, rewilding could be a potential avenue for wood-pasture restoration and biodiversity conservation. However, such benefits may not materialize without a necessary paradigm and political shift. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01320-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

El presente trabajo pretende reconstruir el concepto particular derevolución contenido en las verbalizaciones de la Unidad Popular (UP)chilena. En este sentido, se sostiene que el concepto de revolución de laUP es producto de las constantes fricciones sucedidas entre el PartidoSocialista de Chile (PS) y el Partido Comunista (PC) desde la creacióndel Frente de Acción Popular en 1956. Las diferencias entre ambospartidos se expresan principalmente en tres cuestiones, a saber: ladicotomía en torno a la política de alianzas que debiera seguir elconglomerado de izquierdas; el debate producto del influjo de larevolución cubana en la práctica revolucionaria a nivel nacional ycontinental; y el papel de la democracia a la hora de hacer la revolución.Palabras clave: Unidad Popular, Vía Chilena al Socialismo, Revolución,DemocraciaThis paper aims to reconstruct the particular concept of revolutioncontained in the statements of the Chilean Popular Unity. In this sense, itis argued that the concept of revolution, particularly in the Popular Unity,is the result of constant friction between the Chilean Socialist Party andthe Communist Party since the creation of the Popular Front in 1956.Differences between both parties are expressed mainly on three issues:the dichotomy around the policy of alliances which should follow theconglomerate; The discussion of the influence of the Cuban revolution inrevolutionary practices at national and continental levels; and the role ofdemocracy in the development of revolution.Keywords: Popular Unity, Chilean Road to Socialism, Revolution,Democracy

Despite the technological advances made in recent years, plans and strategies of the Colombian Government and contributions of private enterprise, there are still many territories in Colombia without internet connection and specifically schools that continue to apply traditional methodologies in education. The Rural Educational Institution of Mambita, located in the Municipality of Ubalá - Cundinamarca, does not escape from this reality. In the context of the pandemic that began in 2020 and the quarantine strategy decreed by the Colombian government during 2020 and 2021, the need to have a network for the interconnection of its educational community became evident, including students, teachers, school administrators and parents. But due to the lack of economic resources available to the Universidad Libre, in the framework of a research project, the researchers faced the need to design wireless antennas that would allow the design of a MESH wireless network for the educational institution and that such design would allow to reduce costs, thereby seeking to benefit through innovations and contributions to the design and implementation of the MESH network to the Mambita Police inspection. Consequently, the antenna was designed using specific materials that significantly reduced costs and obtained an antenna that through the application of tests allowed to verify a range of 350 meters, which is quite significant, since in the market antennas are available with a range of no more than 300 meters.

Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society ; Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of targeted therapeutics used to selectively kill cancer cells. It is important that they remain intact in the bloodstream and release their payload in the target cancer cell for maximum efficacy and minimum toxicity. The development of effective ADCs requires the study of factors that can alter the stability of these therapeutics at the atomic level. Here, we present a general strategy that combines synthesis, bioconjugation, linker technology, site-directed mutagenesis, and modeling to investigate the influence of the site and microenvironment of the trastuzumab antibody on the stability of the conjugation and linkers. Trastuzumab is widely used to produce targeted ADCs because it can target with high specificity a receptor that is overexpressed in certain breast cancer cells (HER2). We show that the chemical environment of the conjugation site of trastuzumab plays a key role in the stability of linkers featuring acid-sensitive groups such as acetals. More specifically, Lys-207, located near the reactive Cys-205 of a thiomab variant of the antibody, may act as an acid catalyst and promote the hydrolysis of acetals. Mutation of Lys-207 into an alanine or using a longer linker that separates this residue from the acetal group stabilizes the conjugates. Analogously, Lys-207 promotes the beneficial hydrolysis of the succinimide ring when maleimide reagents are used for conjugation, thus stabilizing the subsequent ADCs by impairing the undesired retro-Michael reactions. This work provides new insights for the design of novel ADCs with improved stability properties. ; We thank the Agencia Estatal Investigación of Spain (AEI; Grants RTI2018-099592-B-C21 to F.C. and RTI2018-099592-B-C22 to G.J.-O.). This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 675007. E.J.-M. thanks Universidad de la Rioja for ...