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AbstractDespite a significant drop in maternal mortality in Bangladesh, unsafe abortion remains a critical maternal health issue that could be reduced by promoting menstrual regulation (MR). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of MR use among ever-married women as well as to identify the socioeconomic inequalities in MR use in Bangladesh. The latest Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017-18 data were used in this study. We used a sub-sample of 12,586 ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years for this study. To identify the determinants of MR, multilevel (mixed-effect) binary logistic regression analysis was used while accounting for potential between-clusters variations. The weighted prevalence of MR was 7.64% (95% CI: 7.19 - 8.12). Women of aged 20-29 years (AOR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.46, 4.30) and ≥ 30 years (AOR: 4.17, 95% CI: 2.39, 7.26), from urban areas (AOR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47), having one or two children (AOR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.09) and ≥ 3 children (AOR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.40, 3.65), who used traditional contraceptive method (AOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.73), and from Barishal division (AOR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.93) were more likely to have MR. Women were less likely to have MR if they were from Chittagong (AOR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.84) and Mymensingh (AOR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.73) divisions. MR use was found to be higher among higher socioeconomic status (SES) groups as the concentration index (CIX) value was positive and the Lorenz curve lay below the line of equality (CIX: 0.095, p<0.001). Health policy and intervention design should prioritize minimizing socioeconomic inequities concerning MR services.

Strategic cooperative and non-cooperative R&D decisions are analysed in the presence of R&D spillover and product differentiation. Using a two-stage game it is shown that in both Cournot and Bertrand duopolies, R&D and output levels are larger and prices are lower under cooperative R&D agreements compared to non-cooperative R&D. For complementary and independent goods, these results are valid for any degree of R&D spillover and may hold for substitute goods even for sufficiently small R&D spillover. In terms of social welfare, cooperative R&D agreements dominate non-cooperation for both Cournot and Bertrand duopolies. As for relative efficiency of Cournot and Bertrand equilibria, it is shown that the traditional efficiency ranking may be reversed and Cournot equilibrium may dominate Bertrand equilibrium if the degree of product differentiation is low and the products are reasonably close substitutes for high degree of R&D spillover provided that R&D productivity is high. This result is stronger for cooperative R&D decision. JEL Codes: D21, D43, L13

Women have a vital role in environmental management and development. Their full participation is therefore essential to achieve sustainable development." (Principle 20, Rio Declaration). Sustainable development depends on an equitable distribution of resources and it cannot be achieved without gender equality. Almost there is a dual rationale for prompting gender equality. Firstly, that equality between women and men-equal rights, opportunities and responsibilities - is a matter of human rights and social justice. And secondly, that greater equality between women and men is also a precondition for development. Women empowerment is a key factor for achievingsustainability. Sustainable development and sustainability have various meaning. Sometimes it may be equitable distribution of resources and opportunities or sometimes it may be defined as understanding the interconnections among economy, development and society. Basically, it is based on the principle of democracy and the rule of law and respect for fundamental rights. It cannot exist without equality in the distributional process. UN member states adopted the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, which includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end the poverty, fight inequality is a cross-cutting issue, and unless addressed in multi dimensional way, gender equality will not become a reality. Every woman's contribution to sustainable development must be recognized. They have a strong role in the education and most essential socializing their children, including teaching among them care and responsibility. The present paper is an attempt to analyze the essentials of women contributions in sustainable development as shareholders and beneficiaries in India.

Prerna Singh, How Solidarity Works for Welfare: Subnationalism and Social Development in India. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. 2016. 332 pages. ₹495.