Suchergebnisse

For earlier migrant streams, labour migration was a means of economic advancement. Moreover, migrants by and large were welcomed by the host societies, even recruited in the widely used guest worker programmes in Europe. Now, in the late 20th century, with changing economic conditions and very large-scale migrant flows, the context is changing; immigrants are less welcome and appear less well equipped to deal with the changing economies of post-industrial societies. An analysis of flows to a sample of large metropolitan areas in the US shows that the new immigrants are substantially poorer in educational levels than both earlier immigrants and the native-born population, with consequently lower incomes and greater likelihoods of being in poverty. If the new immigrant groups do not constitute a new underclass, it certainly raises the possibility that a larger number of new immigrants are likely to have a more difficult time making the transition to self-sufficiency than was true of earlier groups.

Recently, several researchers have attempted to evaluate the extent to which housing discrimination explains the continuing levels of racial separation in U.S. metropolitan areas. They often use audit data that show that black households are likely to experience substantial discrimination in the housing market. A reevaluation of the statistical studies of segregation suggests that the effects of discrimination are smaller than has been previously postulated, and direct estimates of housing discrimination from surveys provide a rationale for such smaller effects.

Der Verfasser gibt zunächst einen Überblick zur Behandlung von Korruption im sowjetischen Strafgesetzbuch. Im folgenden werden Ergebnisse einer inhaltsanalytischen Untersuchung von Zeitungsberichten über Verurteilungen von Beamten wegen Korruption und Vergehen im Amt in der UdSSR zwischen 1965 und 1990 vorgelegt (n=855). Behandelt werden die Art des Vergehens, die verhängten Strafen sowie regionale Aspekte. Die Analyse arbeitet neben dem Ausmaß von Korruption aus finanziellem Eigeninteresse auch das Entstehen informeller institutioneller Arrangements während der Breschnjew-Zeit heraus. Diese Arrangements wurden offiziell geduldet und ersetzten notwendige Reformen der formellen institutionellen Bedingungen. (BIOst-Wpt)

Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Entwicklung des Anteils von Arbeiter- und Bauernvertretern im ZK der KPdSU in der Nach-Stalin-Ära. Der Verfasser untersucht die Karriere von 226 Arbeiter- und Bauernvertretern, die zwischen 1956 und 1990 ins ZK gewählt wurden. Analysiert werden die relativen Anteile von Männern und Frauen, funktionale Aspekte der Karrieregeschichte und Aspekte der geographischen Repräsentation. Der Verfasser zeigt, daß Gorbacev mit der Steigerung des Anteils von Arbeiter- und Bauernvertretern im ZK das Ziel verfolgt, die an der Aufrechterhaltung des sozioökonomischen Staus Quo interessierten institutionellen Interessen im ZK zurückzudrängen. (BIOst-Wpt)

ABSTRACTThe pattern and level of separation among ethnic groups continues to change, and there are certainly more mixed neighborhoods both in cities and suburbs than two decades ago. The immigration flows of the past decade have substantially altered the ethnic mix and neighborhood mixing. In addition, multi‐ethnic individuals themselves are altering the level of mixing among racial and ethnic groups. The research in this article shows that those who report themselves of more than one race have high levels of residential integration both in central cities and suburbs. These residential patterns can be interpreted as further evidence of tentative steps to a society in which race per se is less critical in residential patterning. The level of integration, for Asian mixed and black mixed is different and substantially higher than for those who report one race alone. The research in this article builds on previous aggregate studies of mixed‐race individuals to show substantial patterns of integration in California's metropolitan areas.

In this paper we examine, in two separate analyses, actual and planned residential moves. Although we now have robust models and substantive empirical analysis of residential mobility, especially of the role of housing consumption and the variables that trigger residential moves, we are less clear about how the model applies to minority households and in diverse ethnic settings. We use data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study—a longitudinal study of mobility and neighborhood change in the Los Angeles region—to contrast the mobility outcomes for white and Latino households. In a separate analysis we examine planned mobility and extend the analysis of the role of neighborhood variables in explaining expected mobility. Through the incorporation of measures of neighborhood satisfaction and dissatisfaction we find, as hypothesized, that low levels of satisfaction and whether or not the neighborhood is perceived as 'close-knit' are modest predictors of the likelihood of future moves. However, the additive effect of neighborhood variables on intentions, beyond the structural effects of age and housing needs, is quite small.

Previous studies have shown some tendency toward increased residential racial and ethnic integration, especially in large West Coast metropolitan areas. They have also shown in limited studies that integration, or at least declines in separation, occur with increases in socioeconomic status. The results of this study, using recently released 2000 census data for metropolitan areas with large numbers of foreign born, show that indeed separation does decline with increases in socio-economic status though it also varies by geography, education, and income and is significantly variable across different ethnic groups in the large immigrant cities. The research in this study also documents the continuing hierarchy of greater integration of Whites with Asians and Whites with Hispanics than with African Americans. It is clear that the changing patterns of separation have moved beyond Black-White contexts. Still, class clearly matters, as integration is greater at higher education levels, and suburban areas in general are more integrated than urban cores.

There is a substantial research literature on residential mobility in general, and the role of housing space in triggering moves in particular. The authors extend that research to mobility in British housing markets, using data from the British Household Panel Survey. They confirm the applicability of the general residential mobility model and also confirm the value both of pooled cross-sectional and of true longitudinal models of residential change. Age, tenure, and room stress (housing-space requirements) are found to be significant predictors of moving. In addition, the life course 'triggers' of marital-status change and, in some situations, birth of a child play important roles in moving within housing markets in the United Kingdom. The same model, with somewhat lower levels of fit, is also significant for the London region. Variables that measure the desire to move and neighborhood satisfaction also play a role in predicting local moves: those who like their neighborhood are generally less likely to move. The results offer support for the view that residential mobility is a demographically driven process which also reflects the connection with neighborhood contexts.

Using a 1996 national survey of housing in China and a multilevel modelling technique, we examine housing tenure choice in transitional urban China where households have been granted limited freedom of choice in the housing market since the housing reforms of 1988. We find that both market mechanisms and institutional forces affect households' tenure choice in urban China. While some socioeconomic factors such as age, household size, household income and housing price have similar effects on tenure choice as in the West, others such as the number of workers and marital status have rather different effects. In addition, factors characterising institutional relationships among the state, work units and households, such as hukou, job rank and work unit rank, still play important roles in tenure choice.