Suchergebnisse

Initiatives for the sustainable development of aquaculture have so far focused on the production of codes of conduct, of best management practices, of standards etc., most of which have been developed by international organisations, the industrial sector and non governmental organisations. They were, to a large extent, produced using a "top down" process and inspired by models from intensive industrial shrimp and sea fish farming (mainly salmon). However, most of global aquaculture production comes from small- and medium-sized farms, essentially in Asia which contributes 92% of the total world aquaculture production volume. The objective of this article is to define the contours of systemic typologies that are able to express the sustainability conditions of aquaculture systems. The proposed approach builds on surveys of aquaculture systems which differ in terms of their biogeographical nature (temperate/tropical and north/south countries) or their farming techniques and their governance systems. This work is a prerequisite to any attempt at an individualised and comparative evaluation of specific aquaculture systems from either global or territorial viewpoints. In order to go beyond the cleavage of a typology based on the differentiation between developed and developing countries, three typologies were produced. These typologies allow for discriminatory variables to be identified such as for example the marketing methods or the pace of innovation: a structural typology, a functional typology and a systemic typology. Finally, the representations of aquaculture activity and of its sustainability that producers have of the 4 different types that emerge from the systemic typology were recorded and analyzed. ; Les initiatives de développement durable de l'aquaculture ont jusqu'à présent surtout consisté dans la production de codes de conduite, de guides de bonnes pratiques, de standards, etc., élaborés pour la plupart d'entre eux par des organisations internationales, le secteur industriel et des organisations non ...

Initiatives for the sustainable development of aquaculture have so far focused on the production of codes of conduct, of best management practices, of standards etc., most of which have been developed by international organisations, the industrial sector and non governmental organisations. They were, to a large extent, produced using a "top down" process and inspired by models from intensive industrial shrimp and sea fish farming (mainly salmon). However, most of global aquaculture production comes from small- and medium-sized farms, essentially in Asia which contributes 92% of the total world aquaculture production volume. The objective of this article is to define the contours of systemic typologies that are able to express the sustainability conditions of aquaculture systems. The proposed approach builds on surveys of aquaculture systems which differ in terms of their biogeographical nature (temperate/tropical and north/south countries) or their farming techniques and their governance systems. This work is a prerequisite to any attempt at an individualised and comparative evaluation of specific aquaculture systems from either global or territorial viewpoints. In order to go beyond the cleavage of a typology based on the differentiation between developed and developing countries, three typologies were produced. These typologies allow for discriminatory variables to be identified such as for example the marketing methods or the pace of innovation: a structural typology, a functional typology and a systemic typology. Finally, the representations of aquaculture activity and of its sustainability that producers have of the 4 different types that emerge from the systemic typology were recorded and analyzed. ; Les initiatives de développement durable de l'aquaculture ont jusqu'à présent surtout consisté dans la production de codes de conduite, de guides de bonnes pratiques, de standards, etc., élaborés pour la plupart d'entre eux par des organisations internationales, le secteur industriel et des organisations non ...

Article en libre accès : http://revues.cirad.fr/index.php/cahiers-agricultures/article/view/30790 ; Le nouveau référentiel du développement durable impose un renouvellement des grilles d'analyse, notamment des facteurs pris en compte dans les typologies des systèmes productifs. À partir de l'exemple de l'aquaculture, cet article a pour ambition d'analyser la diversité des systèmes aquacoles au regard du développement durable. Différentes typologies sont réalisées en croisant des approches structurelles, fonctionnelles qui tiennent compte des variables relatives aux systèmes de production, de régulation et à l'insertion territoriale des exploitations. Les catégories définies à l'échelle de l'ensemble des cinq terrains représentatifs d'un éventail élargi de systèmes aquacoles permettent de dépasser les typologies locales, en vue d'élaborer une classification générique des systèmes au sens d'une métatypologie qui est ensuite confrontée aux représentations que les exploitants de ces types d'exploitation ont du développement durable.

Article en libre accès : http://revues.cirad.fr/index.php/cahiers-agricultures/article/view/30790 ; Le nouveau référentiel du développement durable impose un renouvellement des grilles d'analyse, notamment des facteurs pris en compte dans les typologies des systèmes productifs. À partir de l'exemple de l'aquaculture, cet article a pour ambition d'analyser la diversité des systèmes aquacoles au regard du développement durable. Différentes typologies sont réalisées en croisant des approches structurelles, fonctionnelles qui tiennent compte des variables relatives aux systèmes de production, de régulation et à l'insertion territoriale des exploitations. Les catégories définies à l'échelle de l'ensemble des cinq terrains représentatifs d'un éventail élargi de systèmes aquacoles permettent de dépasser les typologies locales, en vue d'élaborer une classification générique des systèmes au sens d'une métatypologie qui est ensuite confrontée aux représentations que les exploitants de ces types d'exploitation ont du développement durable.

Article en libre accès : http://revues.cirad.fr/index.php/cahiers-agricultures/article/view/30790 ; Le nouveau référentiel du développement durable impose un renouvellement des grilles d'analyse, notamment des facteurs pris en compte dans les typologies des systèmes productifs. À partir de l'exemple de l'aquaculture, cet article a pour ambition d'analyser la diversité des systèmes aquacoles au regard du développement durable. Différentes typologies sont réalisées en croisant des approches structurelles, fonctionnelles qui tiennent compte des variables relatives aux systèmes de production, de régulation et à l'insertion territoriale des exploitations. Les catégories définies à l'échelle de l'ensemble des cinq terrains représentatifs d'un éventail élargi de systèmes aquacoles permettent de dépasser les typologies locales, en vue d'élaborer une classification générique des systèmes au sens d'une métatypologie qui est ensuite confrontée aux représentations que les exploitants de ces types d'exploitation ont du développement durable.

Le nouveau référentiel du développement durable impose un renouvellement des grilles d'analyse, notamment des facteurs pris en compte dans les typologies des systèmes productifs. À partir de l'exemple de l'aquaculture, cet article a pour ambition d'analyser la diversité des systèmes aquacoles au regard du développement durable. Différentes typologies sont réalisées en croisant des approches structurelles, fonctionnelles qui tiennent compte des variables relatives aux systèmes de production, de régulation et à l'insertion territoriale des exploitations. Les catégories définies à l'échelle de l'ensemble des cinq terrains représentatifs d'un éventail élargi de systèmes aquacoles permettent de dépasser les typologies locales, en vue d'élaborer une classification générique des systèmes au sens d'une métatypologie qui est ensuite confrontée aux représentations que les exploitants de ces types d'exploitation ont du développement durable.

International audience ; Purpose: To investigate whether cellular imaging by using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can allow detection and quantification of adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation within adipose tissue in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with French government policies. Adipose tissue macro-phages were detected and quantified with a 4.7-T MR imager in ob/ob obese mice on the basis of the signal variance of adipose tissue triggered by injection of P904 iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO). Mice were either intravenously injected with 1000 µmol of iron per kilogram of body weight of P904 (10 ob/ob and 11 ob/+) or used as noninjected control animals (seven ob/ob and six ob/+). Three-dimensional T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR images were acquired 10 days after intravenous injection. MR imaging signal variance in mice was correlated to ad-ipose tissue macrophage quantification by using monoclo-nal antibody to F4/80 immunostaining, to proinflamma-tory marker quantification by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (CCl2, Tnfa, Emr1), and to P904 quantification by using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative data were compared by using the Mann-Whitney or Student t test, and correlations were performed by using the Pearson correlation test. Results: MR imaging measurements showed a significant increase in adipose tissue signal variance in ob/ob mice compared with ob/+ controls or noninjected animals (P , .0001), which was consistent with increased P904 uptake by adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. There was a significant and positive correlation between adipose tissue macrophage quantification at MR imaging and P904 iron oxide content (r = 0.87, P , .0001), adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation at immunohistochemistry (r = 0.60, P , .01), and adipose tissue proinflammatory marker expression (r = 0.55, 0.56, and 0.58 for CCl2, Tnfa, and Emr1, respectively; ...

International audience ; Purpose: To investigate whether cellular imaging by using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can allow detection and quantification of adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation within adipose tissue in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with French government policies. Adipose tissue macro-phages were detected and quantified with a 4.7-T MR imager in ob/ob obese mice on the basis of the signal variance of adipose tissue triggered by injection of P904 iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO). Mice were either intravenously injected with 1000 µmol of iron per kilogram of body weight of P904 (10 ob/ob and 11 ob/+) or used as noninjected control animals (seven ob/ob and six ob/+). Three-dimensional T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR images were acquired 10 days after intravenous injection. MR imaging signal variance in mice was correlated to ad-ipose tissue macrophage quantification by using monoclo-nal antibody to F4/80 immunostaining, to proinflamma-tory marker quantification by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (CCl2, Tnfa, Emr1), and to P904 quantification by using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative data were compared by using the Mann-Whitney or Student t test, and correlations were performed by using the Pearson correlation test. Results: MR imaging measurements showed a significant increase in adipose tissue signal variance in ob/ob mice compared with ob/+ controls or noninjected animals (P , .0001), which was consistent with increased P904 uptake by adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. There was a significant and positive correlation between adipose tissue macrophage quantification at MR imaging and P904 iron oxide content (r = 0.87, P , .0001), adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation at immunohistochemistry (r = 0.60, P , .01), and adipose tissue proinflammatory marker expression (r = 0.55, 0.56, and 0.58 for CCl2, Tnfa, and Emr1, respectively; ...

International audience ; Purpose: To investigate whether cellular imaging by using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can allow detection and quantification of adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation within adipose tissue in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with French government policies. Adipose tissue macro-phages were detected and quantified with a 4.7-T MR imager in ob/ob obese mice on the basis of the signal variance of adipose tissue triggered by injection of P904 iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO). Mice were either intravenously injected with 1000 µmol of iron per kilogram of body weight of P904 (10 ob/ob and 11 ob/+) or used as noninjected control animals (seven ob/ob and six ob/+). Three-dimensional T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR images were acquired 10 days after intravenous injection. MR imaging signal variance in mice was correlated to ad-ipose tissue macrophage quantification by using monoclo-nal antibody to F4/80 immunostaining, to proinflamma-tory marker quantification by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (CCl2, Tnfa, Emr1), and to P904 quantification by using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative data were compared by using the Mann-Whitney or Student t test, and correlations were performed by using the Pearson correlation test. Results: MR imaging measurements showed a significant increase in adipose tissue signal variance in ob/ob mice compared with ob/+ controls or noninjected animals (P , .0001), which was consistent with increased P904 uptake by adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. There was a significant and positive correlation between adipose tissue macrophage quantification at MR imaging and P904 iron oxide content (r = 0.87, P , .0001), adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation at immunohistochemistry (r = 0.60, P , .01), and adipose tissue proinflammatory marker expression (r = 0.55, 0.56, and 0.58 for CCl2, Tnfa, and Emr1, respectively; ...

International audience ; Purpose: To investigate whether cellular imaging by using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can allow detection and quantification of adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation within adipose tissue in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with French government policies. Adipose tissue macro-phages were detected and quantified with a 4.7-T MR imager in ob/ob obese mice on the basis of the signal variance of adipose tissue triggered by injection of P904 iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO). Mice were either intravenously injected with 1000 µmol of iron per kilogram of body weight of P904 (10 ob/ob and 11 ob/+) or used as noninjected control animals (seven ob/ob and six ob/+). Three-dimensional T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR images were acquired 10 days after intravenous injection. MR imaging signal variance in mice was correlated to ad-ipose tissue macrophage quantification by using monoclo-nal antibody to F4/80 immunostaining, to proinflamma-tory marker quantification by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (CCl2, Tnfa, Emr1), and to P904 quantification by using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative data were compared by using the Mann-Whitney or Student t test, and correlations were performed by using the Pearson correlation test. Results: MR imaging measurements showed a significant increase in adipose tissue signal variance in ob/ob mice compared with ob/+ controls or noninjected animals (P , .0001), which was consistent with increased P904 uptake by adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. There was a significant and positive correlation between adipose tissue macrophage quantification at MR imaging and P904 iron oxide content (r = 0.87, P , .0001), adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation at immunohistochemistry (r = 0.60, P , .01), and adipose tissue proinflammatory marker expression (r = 0.55, 0.56, and 0.58 for CCl2, Tnfa, and Emr1, respectively; ...

International audience ; Purpose: To investigate whether cellular imaging by using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can allow detection and quantification of adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation within adipose tissue in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with French government policies. Adipose tissue macro-phages were detected and quantified with a 4.7-T MR imager in ob/ob obese mice on the basis of the signal variance of adipose tissue triggered by injection of P904 iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO). Mice were either intravenously injected with 1000 µmol of iron per kilogram of body weight of P904 (10 ob/ob and 11 ob/+) or used as noninjected control animals (seven ob/ob and six ob/+). Three-dimensional T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR images were acquired 10 days after intravenous injection. MR imaging signal variance in mice was correlated to ad-ipose tissue macrophage quantification by using monoclo-nal antibody to F4/80 immunostaining, to proinflamma-tory marker quantification by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (CCl2, Tnfa, Emr1), and to P904 quantification by using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative data were compared by using the Mann-Whitney or Student t test, and correlations were performed by using the Pearson correlation test. Results: MR imaging measurements showed a significant increase in adipose tissue signal variance in ob/ob mice compared with ob/+ controls or noninjected animals (P , .0001), which was consistent with increased P904 uptake by adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. There was a significant and positive correlation between adipose tissue macrophage quantification at MR imaging and P904 iron oxide content (r = 0.87, P , .0001), adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation at immunohistochemistry (r = 0.60, P , .01), and adipose tissue proinflammatory marker expression (r = 0.55, 0.56, and 0.58 for CCl2, Tnfa, and Emr1, respectively; ...

International audience ; Purpose: To investigate whether cellular imaging by using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can allow detection and quantification of adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation within adipose tissue in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with French government policies. Adipose tissue macro-phages were detected and quantified with a 4.7-T MR imager in ob/ob obese mice on the basis of the signal variance of adipose tissue triggered by injection of P904 iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO). Mice were either intravenously injected with 1000 µmol of iron per kilogram of body weight of P904 (10 ob/ob and 11 ob/+) or used as noninjected control animals (seven ob/ob and six ob/+). Three-dimensional T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR images were acquired 10 days after intravenous injection. MR imaging signal variance in mice was correlated to ad-ipose tissue macrophage quantification by using monoclo-nal antibody to F4/80 immunostaining, to proinflamma-tory marker quantification by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (CCl2, Tnfa, Emr1), and to P904 quantification by using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative data were compared by using the Mann-Whitney or Student t test, and correlations were performed by using the Pearson correlation test. Results: MR imaging measurements showed a significant increase in adipose tissue signal variance in ob/ob mice compared with ob/+ controls or noninjected animals (P , .0001), which was consistent with increased P904 uptake by adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. There was a significant and positive correlation between adipose tissue macrophage quantification at MR imaging and P904 iron oxide content (r = 0.87, P , .0001), adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation at immunohistochemistry (r = 0.60, P , .01), and adipose tissue proinflammatory marker expression (r = 0.55, 0.56, and 0.58 for CCl2, Tnfa, and Emr1, respectively; ...

International audience ; Purpose: To investigate whether cellular imaging by using ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can allow detection and quantification of adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation within adipose tissue in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: Experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with French government policies. Adipose tissue macro-phages were detected and quantified with a 4.7-T MR imager in ob/ob obese mice on the basis of the signal variance of adipose tissue triggered by injection of P904 iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO). Mice were either intravenously injected with 1000 µmol of iron per kilogram of body weight of P904 (10 ob/ob and 11 ob/+) or used as noninjected control animals (seven ob/ob and six ob/+). Three-dimensional T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR images were acquired 10 days after intravenous injection. MR imaging signal variance in mice was correlated to ad-ipose tissue macrophage quantification by using monoclo-nal antibody to F4/80 immunostaining, to proinflamma-tory marker quantification by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (CCl2, Tnfa, Emr1), and to P904 quantification by using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative data were compared by using the Mann-Whitney or Student t test, and correlations were performed by using the Pearson correlation test. Results: MR imaging measurements showed a significant increase in adipose tissue signal variance in ob/ob mice compared with ob/+ controls or noninjected animals (P , .0001), which was consistent with increased P904 uptake by adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. There was a significant and positive correlation between adipose tissue macrophage quantification at MR imaging and P904 iron oxide content (r = 0.87, P , .0001), adipose tissue macrophage-related inflammation at immunohistochemistry (r = 0.60, P , .01), and adipose tissue proinflammatory marker expression (r = 0.55, 0.56, and 0.58 for CCl2, Tnfa, and Emr1, respectively; ...

It certainly cannot be said that aquaculture has ignored sustainable development, judging by the number of standards, guides and indicators devoted to it, produced mainly under the aegis of international organisations such as FAO, the European Union and some NGOs. However, these continue to be perceived in large measure as constraints rather than as shared objectives by the actors in the field. Faced with this situation, which is not specific to aquaculture but on the contrary quite general regardless of sector, context or scale, this guide seeks to propose a generic approach that through a collective process, i.e. a joint construction, promotes the implementation and the appropriation of sustainable development. What makes this approach original is not only the participatory nature of the construction, which brings the actors together and takes into account their representations, but also the regional nature of the approach which includes both aquaculture systems and their host areas. It is based on a selection process that nests principles and criteria and which, by linking indicators to the actors' issues and representations, encourages their appropriation of both sustainable development and the indicators produced. Designed in the form of an instruction manual that is as flexible as possible, the approach alternates various sequences in order to modulate the range and the involvement of stakeholders and to emphasise the collective learning process. This guide is the fruit of fieldwork undertaken by a group of French researchers in partnership with teams of scientists and actors in France, in Europe and in Southern countries (Cameroon, Indonesia and Philippines). Aquaculture systems, representative of a broad range of farming systems and of governance mechanisms, were studied. This guide is intended for aquaculture producer groups, supervisory administrations in the sector, as well as research bodies, NGOs,. and any group wishing to implement sustainable development in aquaculture or in any other domain. It may also be very useful to teachers and students who wish to study how aquaculture works in a given region.