Suchergebnisse

MARKETIZING REFORMS ARE OFTEN SUGGESTED AS REMEDIES FOR THE PROBLEMS THAT PLAGUE SOCIALIST ECONOMIES, BUT INTRODUCING MARKETING REFORMS IS A COMPLEX PROBLEM. THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE OBSTACLES TO SUCH REFORMS. IT EMPLOYS AN INSTITUTIONAL-CHOICE PERSPECTIVE TO STUDY THE CONDITIONS THAT ARE NECESSARY TO MAKE MARKETIZATION EFFECTIVE AND DISCUSSES THE LIKELY RESULTS OF INCOMPLETE MARKETIZATION.

IN 1977 CONGRESS ENACTED THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACTION GRANT (UDAG) PROGRAM TO HELP DISTRESSED COMMUNITIES DEVELOP ECONOMICALLY. THIS ARTICLE DRAWS FROM CASE STUDIES OF TEN NONMETROPOLITAN COMMUNITIES WITH ACTION GRANTS. IT FOCUSES ON THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE COMPLETION AND BENEFITS OF PROJECTS, PARTICULARLY RELATIONS WITH PRIVATE DEVELOPERS AND LOCAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY. THE STUDIES SHOW THAT THE UDAG PROGRAM HAS BEEN FLEXIBLE IN ACCOMMODATING DIFFERENCES IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT NEEDS AS PERCEIVED LOCALLY. HOWEVER, MANY OF THE PROJECTS HAVE NOT PRODUCED THE NUMBERS OF JOBS ORIGINALLY PROPOSED. SEVERAL COMMUNITIES ENCOUNTERED PROBLEMS WITH PRIVATE DEVELOPERS WHO EITHER ABANDONED THE PROJECTS OR FAILED TO PRODUCE EXPECTED RESULTS. SMALLER COMMUNITIES IN THE SAMPLE TENDED TO LACK GRANTSMANSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND LEGAL RESOURCES.

THIS PAPER TRIES TO DEVELOP CRITERIA FOR NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL, AND EVALUATES STANDARDS FOR ARMS CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF MAD/ MINIMUM DETERRENCE AND IN THE CONTEXT OF FLEXIBLE RESPONSES/ EXTENDED DETERRENCE. THIS PAPER CONSIDERS THE POLITICAL AND CONCEPTUAL CRISIS OF ARMS CONTROL, THE RELEVANCE AND LIMITS OF A CATALOGUE OF CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING ARMS CONTROL PROPOSALS, AND THE TRADITIONAL CONCEPT OF ARMS CONTROL. A CATALOGUE OF CRITERIA FOR ASSURED SECOND STRIKE CAPABILITY, RENUNCIATION OF FIRST STRIKE, PREDICTABILITY, ARMS LIMITATIONS, AND THE CONCRETIZATION OF THESE CRITERIA IS GIVEN.

LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT ATTEMPTS BY STATE LEGISLATORS TO ADVANCE TO A U.S. HOUSE POSITION. DATA ARE PRESENTED WHICH SHOW THAT STATE LEGISLATORS TRY FOR CONGRESSIONAL NOMINATION INFREQUENTLY. WHEN THEY RUN THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO CONTEST NONINCUMBENT DISTRICTS OR PRIMARIES. STATE LEGISLATORS HAVE ABOUT ONE CHANCE OUT OF FOUR OF WINNING A CONGRESSIONAL SEAT AND ARE MOST SUCCESSFUL IF THEY COME FROM A MORE PROFESSIONAL LEGISLATURE AND RUN IN AN OPEN SEAT.