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AbstractThis article compares state policies to support childcare in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, using fuzzy set ideal type analysis to determine the nature of institutional arrangements with respect to labour, money and time provisions. We then note their implications for familialization and defamilialization in the three countries. Our analysis suggests a common pattern towards the increased use of financial support amongst the three countries over time; however, this commonality does not mean their childcare policies are converging, as the financial supports differ in focus, with Japan concentrating on familialization by valuing family care, and Korea exclusively employing policy to facilitate the use of market‐based care services. For its part, Taiwan has been strengthening familialization by increasing the leave compensation to value time off to provide care. The different labour, money and time dimensions vis‐à‐vis the familialization/defamilialization matrix suggest varying implications of institutional arrangements for gender.

This study examined the South Korean public's image of the multinational corporations (MNCs) Coca-Cola and Sony and their countries of origin (the U.S. and Japan) as well as the attitude toward and beliefs about the South Korean subsidiaries of these companies. The study also investigated the relationship between MNC and country images, on the one hand, and attitudes and beliefs about the subsidiaries, on the other.This study examined the South Korean public's image of the multinational corporations (MNCs) Coca-Cola and Sony and their countries of origin (the U.S. and Japan) as well as the attitude toward and beliefs about the South Korean subsidiaries of these companies. The study also investigated the relationship between MNC and country images, on the one hand, and attitudes and beliefs about the subsidiaries, on the other.


The study found that, in general, images of Coca-Cola and Sony as corporations as well as of the U.S. and Japan as countries of origin of these MNCs, among a convenience sample of residents of Seoul, were somewhat more positive than negative across various dimensions. However, their attitudes towards foreign subsidiaries of these MNCs — Coca-Cola, South Korea and Sony, South Korea — were somewhat negative. In addition, the MNCs' corporate image and country of origin image significantly predicted attitude towards and beliefs about the South Korean subsidiaries of these MNCs. MNCs and their subsidiaries need to pay particular attention to their business and social conduct in terms of good citizenship and responsible behavior towards the community.

PurposeThis paper examines the possibility of using sense of belonging as an indicator for social capital. Social capital, from the collective social capital theory perspective, is constructed from three main elements: trust, social network and participation. Social capital is crucial to civil society and well-being, but there is no consensus on how to define and measure it. This paper approaches this problem with the different but related concept of sense of belonging, as belonging overlaps with social capital conceptually, but also is more amenable to measurement.Design/methodology/approachQualitative and quantitative data was collected from approximately 800 university students and used to explore the relationship between belonging and social capital both conceptually and empirically in the higher education context.FindingsThe mixed methods research analysis in this paper provides strong evidence to show how sense of belonging and social capital are theoretically and empirically intertwined, Conceptually they occupy overlapping spheres and their connections can be clearly traced and measured. This is supported by substantial statistical evidence of their relatedness, despite their independent origins in social research. For these reasons, this paper argues that sense of belonging can be used as a simplified alternative way to measure social capital.Originality/valueThis paper explains the advantages of using sense of belonging to understand social capital. It sets out a conceptual framework and provides a statistical demonstration. This paper develops and enriches a current strand of social capital and sense of belonging research in the fields of sociology and higher education policy.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of mobile phones and the levels of hearing thresholds in some clerical workers. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 450 clerical workers between May and August 2000. The questionnaire included items concerning socio-demographic profile and noise-exposure history as well as use of mobile phone. The number of workers used in the final analysis was 394(Response rate 87.6%). Males numbered 308 and females 86. Hearing thresholds were measured in both ears using a pure-tone audiometer. Results: In a univariate analysis, the duration and time of mobile phone use per day were significant in regards to hearing threshold at 1000Hz in males(p<0.05). In a linear regression analysis with adjustment for age, education, military service, use of earphone, the group that used mobile phones for more than 49 months was more likely to have low hearing threshold at 1000Hz and 4000Hz in males(p<0.05) as compared to the reference group(≤30). Use of a mobile phone for more than 60 minutes had a significant relation to hearing thresholds at 1000Hz in males(p<0.05). However, in univariate and adjusted linear regression analyses, none of the mobile phone related variables were significant in females. Conclusions: These results suggested that only certain elements of use of a mobile phone may be associated with hearing thresholds and there is a complex relationship between the use of mobile phone and hearing thresholds that may differ in terms of frequency(1000Hz and 4000Hz) and gender. ; 목적: 휴대폰을 많이 사용하는 사무직 근로자를 대상으로 휴대폰 사용과 고주파 음역의 청각 손실과의 관련성을 파악하기 위해 실시하였다. 방법: 394명의 근로자에게 검진전 자기기입식 설문지를 작성하도록 하였고 순음청력기를 이용하여 좌우측귀의 1000 및 4000㎐ 순음청력을 측정하였다. 설문내용은 휴대폰 사용정도, 청력에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변수(군복무유무, 이어폰사용, 운전, 레저활동 등)들을 포함하였다. 결과: 단일변수분석에서 남자의 경우 1000㎐에서 휴대폰의 사용기간과 일평균사용시간이 긴 군일수록 청력역치가 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다. 연령, 학력, 군병과력, 이어폰사용을 교정한 후의 청력역치에 대한 다중선형회귀분석에서 남자는 1000㎐와 4000㎐에서 휴대폰사용기간이 30개월 이하인 군에 비해 49개월 이상인 군과 1000㎐에서 일평균 사용시간이 20분이하인 군에 비해 60분이상인 군에서 청력역치가 음의 관련성이 있었고 통계적 유의성이 있었다. 그러나 여자에서는 단일변수분석 및 다중회귀분석 모두에서 통계적으로 유의한 변수가 없었다. 결론: 이 결과는 휴대폰사용이 청력역치에 미치는 영향은 미미하나 휴대폰 사용과 청력역치와의 관계는 성별 및 1 0 0 0㎐ 및 4 0 0 0㎐에서 다를 수 있으며 좀 더 복합적인 관계가 있음을 시사한다. ; open

AbstractWe describe the techniques applied by the University of Alberta (UA) team in the most recent Competition on Legal Information Extraction and Entailment (COLIEE 2021). We participated in retrieval and entailment tasks for both case law and statute law; we applied a transformer-based approach for the case law entailment task, an information retrieval technique based on BM25 for legal information retrieval, and a natural language inference mechanism using semantic knowledge applied to statute law texts. This competition included 25 teams from 14 countries; our case law entailment approach was ranked no. 4 in Task 2, the BM25 technique for legal information retrieval was ranked no. 3 in Task 3, and the natural language inference technique incorporating semantic information was ranked no. 4 in Task 4. The combination of the latter two techniques on Task 5 was ranked no. 2. We also performed error analysis of our system in Task 4, which provides some insight into current state-of-the-art and research priorities for future directions.

Although the number of Chinese immigrants moving to South Korea has increased in the past decade Koreans still hold negative attitudes toward China and the Chinese populace. To discover whether this prejudice can be reduced, we examined the effect of direct contact with Chinese people
on Koreans' explicit and implicit attitudes toward China and Chinese people. Participants in our study were 91 Korean university students who were divided into two groups based on their contact experience with people from China. The contact group (n = 43) and the noncontact group (n
= 48) both completed a cultural experience questionnaire, the Explicit Attitude Questionnaire, and the Implicit Association Test. According to the results, the contact group displayed more positive explicit and implicit attitudes toward China and Chinese people than did the noncontact group.
These findings suggest that it may be possible to improve Koreans' perception of China and relations with Chinese people by increasing direct contact experience between the two communities.

AbstractWe summarize the 10th Competition on Legal Information Extraction and Entailment. In this tenth edition, the competition included four tasks on case law and statute law. The case law component includes an information retrieval task (Task 1), and the confirmation of an entailment relation between an existing case and a selected unseen case (Task 2). The statute law component includes an information retrieval task (Task 3), and an entailment/question-answering task based on retrieved civil code statutes (Task 4). Participation was open to any group based on any approach. Ten different teams participated in the case law competition tasks, most of them in more than one task. We received results from 8 teams for Task 1 (22 runs) and seven teams for Task 2 (18 runs). On the statute law task, there were 9 different teams participating, most in more than one task. 6 teams submitted a total of 16 runs for Task 3, and 9 teams submitted a total of 26 runs for Task 4. We describe the variety of approaches, our official evaluation, and analysis of our data and submission results.