Suchergebnisse

The ready-made garment industry of Bangladesh is one of the largest formal manufacturing sectors. It has played a key role in the country's process of industrialisation, empowerment of women, export oriented development and growth. Workers from poor socio-economic backgrounds are working in the garment industry. Their health, safety and working conditions are very poor and not protected. There is a lack of regular inspection and compliance with local law in buildings and factories. This led to the collapse of the eight story Rana Plaza building in the capital Dhaka on the 24th of April 2013, "killing 1,100 workers and 2,500 injured"2. The main aim of the study is to assess the impact of Rana Plaza Tragedy, where RMG workers make garments for multinational brands of Australia, Europe and USA, and the advantage which took these companies of the absence of labour laws, workplace health and safety standards, building standards, long working hours and low wages in Bangladesh. The study used both primary and secondary data including related case studies. The practical application of the study is to develop formal ethical, labour-law, health and safety standards for a factory worker; construction; institutions and courts for monitoring the supplier's behaviour onshore and large multinational firms offshore. The study recommends to protect the rights of women workers who are sowing garments for the fashion conscious consumers from the developed countries. Future research will explore inclusive growth for workers and how to stimulate inclusive sustainable business for export led garment industry. these garments from developed countries should start a campaign of ethical purchase of RMG from those countries who provide health, safety measures, do not exploit women and children and follow the international labour law and construction standards, similar to the campaigns where carpets woven by children are banned for export market and likewise coffee and tea which is grown and picked by exploiting children and women labourers. Stiglitz pointed out that globalization has enhanced the opportunities for success, but it has also posed new risks for developing countries. The rules of the game have been designed for the most part by the advanced industrial countries, or more accurately, by special interests in those countries, for their own interests, and often do not serve well the interests of the developing world, and especially the poor [20]. Further, the Bangladesh Government needs to work in cooperation with the local factory owners and key stake holders in Bangladesh, multinational garment sector, International Labour Organisation, World Bank, World Trade Organisation and the European Union to develop and implement the new amendments to the labour laws, collective bargaining, workplace health and safety training, on the spot inspections, building construction standards to ensure safe and secure work environment in order to prevent future tragedies in the RMG industry and protect the garment workers rights particularly women. Because, they are not only the wage/ bread earners to provide finance, food, clothing and shelter to their families and the key foreign exchange earner for the owners of the garment factory and the economy, but also on whom the multinational companies depend to produce /sew RMG under pressure, in a timely manner, to international market standards to meet the demands of the ever growing fashion industry in the developed world. these garments from developed countries should start a campaign of ethical purchase of RMG from those countries who provide health, safety measures, do not exploit women and children and follow the international labour law and construction standards, similar to the campaigns where carpets woven by children are banned for export market and likewise coffee and tea which is grown and picked by exploiting children and women labourers. Stiglitz pointed out that globalization has enhanced the opportunities for success, but it has also posed new risks for developing countries. The rules of the game have been designed for the most part by the advanced industrial countries, or more accurately, by special interests in those countries, for their own interests, and often do not serve well the interests of the developing world, and especially the poor [20]. Further, the Bangladesh Government needs to work in cooperation with the local factory owners and key stake holders in Bangladesh, multinational garment sector, International Labour Organisation, World Bank, World Trade Organisation and the European Union to develop and implement the new amendments to the labour laws, collective bargaining, workplace health and safety training, on the spot inspections, building construction standards to ensure safe and secure work environment in order to prevent future tragedies in the RMG industry and protect the garment workers rights particularly women. Because, they are not only the wage/ bread earners to provide finance, food, clothing and shelter to their families and the key foreign exchange earner for the owners of the garment factory and the economy, but also on whom the multinational companies depend to produce /sew RMG under pressure, in a timely manner, to international market standards to meet the demands of the ever growing fashion industry in the developed world.

The population of Pakistan reached the figure of 97.7 million
in 1985-86. Growing at the current rate of 3.1 percent per annum, it
would be over 144 million by the turn of this century. Under the
pressure of such population growth, the demand for primary products
would increase by a sizeable margin. An idea of this alarming situation
can be formed from the projected requirements of wheat which have been
estimated to be 22 million tons by the year 2000. To meet this expected
demand for wheat, its production should increase by 70 percent of the
existing levels, which means an annual yield growth rate of over 4.5
percent. But in the past thirty-five years i.e., during 1949-50 to
1984-85 it has grown at the rate of 2.53 percent per annum only.
Supplies of other basic essentials would also be required to be
increased by a similar margin to meet their increased demand. What are
the sources for such large additional production? A review of past
production trends shows that so far, the most important source of
incremental production has been expansion in acreage. However, the
available indicators suggest that the scope of additional production,
through acreage increase, has since been exhausted to a great extent.
The position regarding irrigation supplies, which constitute the base of
additional acreage, does not appear promising any longer. Details are
given in Table 1.

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to bring to light the downside of the positive effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) concerning employee work practices. The focus is on the aspects of excess work ethic (EWE) that are hypothesized as the result of increased organizational identification (OI) due to CSR engagement. This excessive involvement by employees in their work results in neglect of their personal lives.


Design/methodology/approach
The sample has been taken from employees of various organizational sectors in Pakistan. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the hypothesized relationships among the variables in the conceptual framework.


Findings
The findings of the study reveal that CSR perception of employees negates the excessive work ethic but the introduction of a higher level of OI due to work meaningfulness indirectly positively affects EWE with pro-environmental orientation (PEO) as a moderator.


Originality/value
The relationship between CSR and variables such as work engagement has been explored in the recent literature but the heightened level of OI indulging the employees into overwork is rarely been explored. Also, the use of PEO as a mediator adds to the knowledge on the subject.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to ascertain the effects of environmental knowledge and green consumption as mediators on the relationship between green marketing and green buying behavior. This study utilized the definition that needs to customers that are based on environmental concerns and influence the buying behavior for green products. This not only focuses on the ecological concern in organizational operations but also focuses on the customers' knowledge about the environment and how it influences their decisions. Three dimensions have been identified in this research to describe green marketing. These are ecolabeling, green branding and green advertising.Design/methodology/approachA survey research method has been utilized to collect data on a questionnaire adapted from previous research. The data collected have been analyzed with SmartPLS to assess the measurement model for reliability and validity and structural model for hypothesis testing and confirmation.FindingsFocusing on the level of environmental knowledge of customers, it comes to surface that customers in developing countries have lesser knowledge in comparison to the customers in developed countries. This causes concern for the marketing departments in organizations since different customer niches demand different marketing solutions to influence their buying decision. Environmental knowledge does not mediate the relationship between green marketing and green buying behavior whereas green consumption mediates the relationship between green marketing and green buying behavior.Originality/valueThis study incorporates the social practice theory in green marketing research on the organizational level. This study brings together marketing practices under the influence of environmental knowledge for buying behavior formation in a novel manner. The influencing of customer decisions through green marketing strategies determines the success of the marketing initiative. Also, the theoretical foundations on social practice theory and the empirical design of the study to observe the relationships with the survey are new steps.

Abstract, Secondary education policy needs to be improved by a process which is a strategic alternative to improve the quality of education. This paper examines the relation of actors in the implementation of secondary education policy in the city of Mataram which focuses on senior secondary education as an education sub-system by formulating and implementing education-related policies that are trademarks for the achievement of policy objectives. The Key to Policy Implementation uses a participatory approach in public policy making in education supported by 4 (four) factors as a driver of successful policy implementation. But in reality there are causes of the implementation of policies that have not optimally reached their objectives, namely: a). Communication b). Resources (Resources), c). Implementor Attitudes (Dispositions), and d). Bureaucratic Structure (Bureaucratic Structure). Then, on the other hand, the Government's relation with actors outside the government is not yet optimal, where the government has not effectively built relationships with the community and the business world so that governance has not been created in the implementation of secondary education policies. This condition requires improvement of aspects of policy implementation and improvement of coordination between actors and organizational culture towards the achievement of secondary education policy objectives in supporting governance in the city of Mataram. Keywords: Policy Implementation, Secondary Education, Governance Abstrak, Kebijakan pendidikan menengah perlu ditingkatkan dengan suatu proses yang merupakan alternatif strategis untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan. Tulisan ini mengkaji relasi aktor dalam implementasi kebijakan pendidikan menengah di kota mataram yang menitikberatkan pada pendidikan menengah atas sebagai sub sistem pendidikan dengan merumuskan dan melaksanakan kebijakan terkait pendidikan yang menjadi trademark unttuk tercapainya tujuan kebijakan. Kunci Implementasi kebijakan menggunakan pendekatan partisipatory dalam pengambilan kebijakan publik bidang pendidikan yang ditopang oleh 4 (empat) faktor sebagai pendorong keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan. Namun secara realitas adanya penyebab implementasi kebijakan yang belum secara optimal mencapai tujuannya yaitu: a). Komunikasi b). Sumber Daya (Resources), c). Sikap Implementor (Dispositions), dan d). Struktur Birokrasi (Bureaucratic Structure). Kemudian pada sisi yang lain relasai Pemerintah dengan aktor di luar pemerintah yang belum optimal, dimana pemerintah belum secara efektif membangun relasi dengan masyarakat dan dunia usaha sehingga belum tercipta governance dalam implementasi kebijakan pendidikan menengah. Kondisi ini memerlukan pembenahan terhadap aspek-aspek implementasi kebijakan dan peningkatan koordinasi antar aktor dan budaya organisasi ke arah pencapaian tujuan kebijakan pendidikan menengah dalam mendukung governance di kota Mataram. Kata Kunci: Implementasi Kebijakan, Pendidikan Menengah, Governance