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This essay addresses a highly topical subject of increasing interest in Western legal mandamuses today, as focused on debating the role to be played by judges within the democratic system. This is how the problem po sed to Constitutional Law and Political Science by the socalled countermajority objection of the Judiciary, essentially based on the fact that the judges, by not being popularly elected but rather in a very mediate manner , should not, in exercising constitutional control, become the censors of acts and omissions of the other State powers. Against this stance widely spread among academic centers in the United States, nine arguments are submitted, all leading to either neutralize or overcome this objection, and among which those of deep republican rooted politics intertwine with others closer to constitutionaltechnique questions. ; En este ensayo se aborda un tema de creciente interés y actualidad en los ordenamientos jurí­dicos de Occidente, centrado en la discusión acerca del papel que deben cumplir los jueces dentro del sistema democrá¡tico. Así, se considera el problema planteado al Derecho Constitucional y a la Ciencia Polí­tica por la denominada objeción contramayoritaria del Poder Judicial, la cual bá¡sicamente se funda en el hecho de que los jueces, al no ser elegidos por el pueblo sino de un modo muy mediato no deberí­an convertirse, al ejercer el control de constitucionalidad, en censores de los actos y omisiones de los otros poderes del Estado. Contra esta posición, muy difundida en los centros académicos estadounidenses, se presentan nueve argumentos tendientes a neutralizar o superar dicha objeción, entre los que se entrelazan aquellos de profunda raigambre polí­tica republicana, con otros más cercanos a cuestiones de técnica constitucional.

This essay addresses a highly topical subject of increasing interest in Western legal mandamuses today, as focused on debating the role to be played by judges within the democratic system. This is how the problem po sed to Constitutional Law and Political Science by the socalled countermajority objection of the Judiciary, essentially based on the fact that the judges, by not being popularly elected but rather in a very mediate manner , should not, in exercising constitutional control, become the censors of acts and omissions of the other State powers. Against this stance widely spread among academic centers in the United States, nine arguments are submitted, all leading to either neutralize or overcome this objection, and among which those of deep republican rooted politics intertwine with others closer to constitutionaltechnique questions. ; En este ensayo se aborda un tema de creciente interés y actualidad en los ordenamientos jurí­dicos de Occidente, centrado en la discusión acerca del papel que deben cumplir los jueces dentro del sistema democrá¡tico. Así, se considera el problema planteado al Derecho Constitucional y a la Ciencia Polí­tica por la denominada objeción contramayoritaria del Poder Judicial, la cual bá¡sicamente se funda en el hecho de que los jueces, al no ser elegidos por el pueblo sino de un modo muy mediato no deberí­an convertirse, al ejercer el control de constitucionalidad, en censores de los actos y omisiones de los otros poderes del Estado. Contra esta posición, muy difundida en los centros académicos estadounidenses, se presentan nueve argumentos tendientes a neutralizar o superar dicha objeción, entre los que se entrelazan aquellos de profunda raigambre polí­tica republicana, con otros más cercanos a cuestiones de técnica constitucional.

[ES] Dentro del largo reinado de Felipe II, la década que va de la Invencible a la muerte del monarca son años indudablemente dominados por la crisis y posee en la historiografía una sombría nitidez, pese a que los estudios que se le han dedicado no son muchos. La Monarquía es regida, entonces, bajo la presión recrudecida de múltiples urgencias (epidemias, revueltas, problemas financieros, etc.) y el propio rey se verá sometido a un acoso crítico de dimensiones enormes en el que se condensan, con inusitada virulencia, las numerosas quejas que hasta ese momento se le habían ido haciendo al monarca. Sin embargo, en esos mismos años de juicio general al rey y a su sistema de despacho y gobierno se puede decir que la Monarquía de Felipe II alcanza su madurez y que, pese a evidentes síntomas de esclerosis, en tiempos del viejo rey dejará ver algunas señales de su característica plasticidad para negociar funciones e influencias en distintas maneras y en distintos ámbitos territoriales, abriendo interesantes perspectivas desde las que considerar la centuria siguiente. ; [EN] In the long reign of Philip II, the period between the Invincible Armada and the king's death is doubtless a time in which crisis prevails and historiography throws on it a gloomy conviction, in spite of the fact that not many studies have been dedicated to it. The Monarchy must pay attention to urgent and various tasks (epidemics, revolts, financial problems, etc.) and the king himself will be relentless pursued. Plenty of the complaints addressed to the king up to that moment, were now pointed at him with a special rage. However, in those years in which the king and his methods of government were universally critisized, it's possible to say that Philip's monarchy reaches its height The monarchy of the old king, though some sclerotic symptoms, shows some signs of its characteristic versatility to negocíate for influences on different subjects and fields, openig interesting prospects to think about the coming century

Government spending efficiency in providing education and health is evaluated across countries of the world, with a special emphasis on Latin American countries. Using stochastic frontier and data envelopment analysis, it is found that important inefficiencies are at hand. Those inefficiencies are only partly explained by environmental factors such as education of the adult population and GDP per head.

17 pages, 2 figures ; Whole-body regeneration, the ability to reconstruct complete individuals from small fragments, is rare among ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) but present in the pilidiophoran species Lineus sanguineus. This species can regenerate complete individuals from a tiny midbody section, and even from a quarter of a piece, provided it retains a fragment of a lateral nerve cord. While a few other unrelated species of ribbon worms are also excellent regenerators, L. sanguineus is unique in having evolved its regenerative abilities quite recently and thus offers an exceptional opportunity to gain insight into the evolutionary mechanisms of regeneration enhancement. Interestingly, both its sister species Lineus lacteus and Lineus pseudolacteus, a third species derived from the recent hybridization of the other two, differ in their regeneration abilities: while L. lacteus is uncapable of regenerating a lost head, L. pseudolacteus is capable of anterior regeneration, albeit at a slower rate than L. sanguineus. L. sanguineus has a worldwide distribution in temperate shores of both hemispheres, is readily found at intertidal habitats, and can survive, feed and be bred through asexual replication with minimal effort in laboratory settings. All the above make this species a superb candidate for studies of regenerative biology. In this chapter, we present protocols to collect, identify and breed L. sanguineus to study the extraordinary whole-body regeneration abilities found in this species ; E.E.Z. was supported through his training by a University of Maryland & Smithsonian Institution Seed Grant, and by the Smithonian Tropical Research Institute. F.Á.F.-Á. was supported by a JdC-I Postdoctoral Fellowship Grant (ref. IJC2020-043170-I) awarded by CIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. This research was supported by the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

Klappentext: "The Iberian World: 1450-1820 brings together, for the first time in English, the latest research in Iberian studies, providing in-depth analysis of fifteenth to early nineteenth century Portugal and Spain, their European possessions and the African, Asian, and American peoples that were under their rule. Divided into four parts and combining a chronological approach with a set of in-depth thematic studies, The Iberian World brings together previously disparate scholarly traditions surrounding the history of European empires and raises awareness of the global dimensions of Iberian history. It is essential reading for students and academics of early modern Spain and Portugal"--

The Bentar−03 cruise was supported by the Antarctic Programme REN2001−1074/ANT of the Spanish Government

In this paper we develop a computable general equilibrium economy that models the banking sector explicitly. Banks intermediate between households and between the household sector and the government sector. Households borrow from banks to finance their purchases of houses and they lend to banks to save for retirement. Banks pool households' savings and they purchase interest-bearing government debt and non-interest-bearing reserves. We use this structure to answer two sets of questions: one normative in nature that evaluates the welfare costs of alternative monetary and tax policies, and one positive in nature that studies the real effects of following a procyclical interest-rate policy rule. ; Publicado

In this papaer we develop a computable general equilibrium economy that models the banking sector explicitly. Banks intermediate between households and between the household sector and the government sector. Households borrow from banks to finance their purchases of houses and they lend to banks to save for retirement. Banks pool househols' savings and they purchase interestbearting government debt and non-ibterest bearing reserves. We use this structure to answer two sets of questions: one normative in nature the evaluates the welfare costs of alternative monetary and tax policies, and one positive in nature that studies the real effects of following a procyclical interestrate policy rule.

24 pages, 4 figures, 1 table.-- Data availability: The data underlying this article are available in the GenBank Nucleotide Database at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ and can be accessed with the GenBank accession numbers MW233711–MW233782 and MW255551–MW255585. The FastQ files can be accessed within the GenBank Nucleotide Database with the BioProject accession number PRJNA716134 ; Oceanic squids of the order Oegopsida are ecologically and economically important members of the pelagic environment. They are the most diverse group of cephalopods, with 24 families that are divergent morphologically. Despite their importance, knowledge of phylogenetic relationships among oegopsids is less than that among neritic cephalopods. Here, we provide the complete mitogenomes and the nuclear 18S and 28S ribosomal genes for 35 selected oceanic squids, which were generated using genome skimming. We performed maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses that included 21 of the 24 oegopsid families. In our analyses, the architeuthid, chiroteuthid and enoploteuthid family groups, which have been proposed previously based on morphological and natural history characteristics, were retrieved as monophyletic. The morphologically divergent Cranchiidae formed a well-supported clade with families Ommastrephidae and Thysanoteuthidae, with a unique mitochondrial gene order. The family Lycoteuthidae was revealed as paraphyletic and contained Pyroteuthidae. Thus, the two lycoteuthid subfamilies are herein elevated to family level, increasing the number of oegopsid squid families to 25. In order to describe the diversity and evolutionary trends of oegopsid squids accurately, the superfamilies Architeuthoidea, Chiroteuthoidea, Cranchioidea and Enoploteuthoidea are resurrected from the literature, and the superfamilies Cycloteuthoidea, Octopoteuthoidea and Pholidoteuthoidea are proposed. The phylogenetic positions of Gonatidae, Histioteuthidae and Onychoteuthidae were not stable in our phylogenetic analyses and are not assigned to a superfamily. This study supports the utility of genome skimming to solve the phylogenetic relationships of oceanic squids ; Specimens were collected primarily during the research project MAFIA (CTM2012-39587-C04-03) and BATHYPELAGIC (CTM2016-78853-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/ FEDER/EU). F.Á.F.-Á. was supported by an Irish Research Council–Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (ref. GOIPD/2019/460). M.T. is funded by a PhD fellowship from the Irish Research Council and is supported by the Dr Tony Ryan Research Fund. Support to R.V. was provided by the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) and the European Commission (SUMMER project, GA-817806) ; Peer reviewed

Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed the 2022 post‐market environmental monitoring (PMEM) report on the cultivation of Cry1Ab‐expressing maize event MON 810. Overall, the 2022 PMEM report provides no evidence of adverse effects of maize MON 810 cultivation. It shows a high level of compliance with refuge requirements by Spanish and Portuguese farmers growing maize MON 810, but uncertainty remains on compliance in areas where the clustered surface of maize MON 810 farms exceeds 5 ha. There are no signs of practical resistance to Cry1Ab in the field in corn borer populations collected in north‐eastern Spain in 2022, although a decrease in Cry1Ab susceptibility in Mediterranean corn borer populations from this area cannot be excluded. Information retrieved through farmer questionnaires in Spain and from the scientific literature reveals no unanticipated adverse effects on human and animal health or the environment arising from the cultivation of maize MON 810. Uncertainties remain on whether 'very highly' and 'extremely' sensitive non‐target lepidoptera are potentially exposed to harmful amounts of MON 810 pollen. EFSA notes that several recommendations made in the frame of the assessment of previous PMEM reports remain unaddressed and identified additional shortcomings in the 2022 PMEM report that require further consideration by the consent holder in future annual PMEM reports. Particularly, EFSA emphasises the urgent need to increase the sensitivity of the insect resistance monitoring strategy and implement mitigation measures to ensure that the exposure of non‐target lepidoptera to maize MON 810 pollen is reduced to levels of no concern.