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Structured Data Transformation Language (SDTL) provides structured, machine actionable representations of data transformation commands found in statistical analysis software. The Continuous Capture of Metadata for Statistical Data Project (C2Metadata) created SDTL as part of an automated system that captures provenance metadata from data transformation scripts and adds variable derivations to standard metadata files. SDTL also has potential for auditing scripts and for translating scripts between languages. SDTL is expressed in a set of JSON schemas, which are machine actionable and easily serialized to other formats. Statistical software languages have a number of special features that have been carried into SDTL. We explain how SDTL handles differences among statistical languages and complex operations, such as merging files and reshaping data tables from "wide" to "long".

Keyword search is a user-friendly approach that enables inexperienced users to easily retrieve information from XML data with no specific knowledge of complex structured query language. Since an XML document can have a large size and contain a lot of information, an XML keyword search result should be a fragment of an XML document dynamically constructed at query time, which is achievable due to the structuredness of XML. Processing keyword searches on XML has several challenges, e.g., what are the elements in the XML document that are relevant to the query? How to generate the results efficiently and rank the results meaningfully? How to present the results to the user in a way such that the user can quickly find the desired information? In this survey, the authors review the papers in the literature that attempted to address these problems. The authors divide the existing approaches into several classes based on the problem they tackled, and perform a comprehensive analysis of these works.

One consequence of the ageing of populations is the portrayal of elderly people as threatening the viability of welfare states; in particu lar, those who wish to justify cuts in public pensions depict the elderly as increasingly affluent and powerful relative to the rest of society. This article challenges such a view of elderly people in Britain as an ageist myth which serves to distract attention from the real sources of economic problems and from inequalities in elderly people's income and power which vary by class, gender and race. Because ageing affects men and women in different ways elderly women are not only poorer than men but also have lower social status, disadvantages Which are compounded for black women. Examination of publications of older people's campaigning organ isations in Britain and the USA shows that elderly people do not align themselves politically on the basis of age but of class. Although women participate at all levels in 'grey power', older peoples organis ations have largely neglected the issues of gender and race. Whereas older women in the USA have highlighted injustices to women and achieved some reforms, British older women have not yet mobiused as effectively.