Throughout history, fighting has been associated with men. Cross-cultural studies of male/female differences have found serious violence as the most distinctive sex difference there is. Is that a matter of education & social conventions, or are men naturally far more adapted to fighting than women are? This question is at the center of public debate nowadays regarding the right & ability of women to enlist in combat roles in the armed services. The article attempts to elucidate the nature of the biocultural interactions involved, whose complexity, & even existence, are all too often ignored in the debate. Adapted from the source document.
This article uses a unique data set to investigate the determinants of political participation in India. In particular, the data from the 1981 census of India are coupled with electoral returns from 1979-80 to examine the factors influencing participation of both genders. Differential impact is explored empirically. Many of the same influences found to be important in developed countries are relevant in India, including income, education, & constituency culture. In addition, labor force participation & familial obligations have an effect, though in the opposite direction from that predicted in the US. A lack of government-provided resources devoted to health & education also influences participation. A second investigation uses the same census data with 1977-78 election returns to estimate government response to female political participation in India. Regarding the causes of child mortality, no effect of female participation on health outcomes was found. This may result from the aggregation necessary to match census districts & voting constituencies. 4 Tables, 55 References. Adapted from the source document.
Intending to contribute to the history of central Africa during World War II, we proceed through a case study : the impact of the conflict on the populations of Rwanda, then under the mandatory power of Belgium. Although being a key period in the evolution of Rwanda, the years 1939-1945 have received scant attention from historians. Our study combines several aspects : political, sociological, economical, religious or even military. It includes the Rwandese participation in the « war effort » and the military operations (enlistments in the Force Publique and the British units). A thorough study explores the consequences of war on the society, the economy as well as the ecological equilibrium of the country (famines, modifications in agriculture, population moves, changes in habits). The last set of questions focuses on the impact of the conflict on different levels of authority (mandate officials, local chiefs, church leaders), on the evolution of their image in the eyes of the Rwandese and on the state of mind of the latter at the end of the war. ; Notre objectif est de contribuer à l'histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en Afrique centrale à travers une étude de cas : l'impact du conflit sur les populations du Rwanda, territoire sous mandat belge. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une période clé dans l'évolution de ce pays, les années 1939-1945 ont été peu investiguées par les historiens. Notre étude allie les problématiques politiques, militaires, socioéconomiques et religieuses. Elle envisage l'investissement des Rwandais dans l'effort de guerre et les opérations militaires (enrôlement dans la Force Publique et dans l'armée britannique). Elle explore les retombées de la guerre sur l'équilibre socioéconomique et environnemental du pays (famines, modifications des pratiques agricoles, déplacements de population, évolution des mœurs). Elle s'interroge enfin sur l'impact de ce conflit sur les différentes autorités – mandataires, locales ou ecclésiastiques –, sur l'évolution de leur image dans le regard des Rwandais et sur l'état d'esprit de ces derniers à l'issue de la guerre.
Historians have established the framework of Canada's general political, economic, and military participation in the Second World War, but there has been little research into the ways that the national war effort affected individuals or local communities. This dissertation explores the wartime experience of ordinary Winnipeggers through their responses to recruiting, the treatment of minorities, war finance publicity, participation in voluntary community service, and the adjustments made necessary by family separation. It questions the prevailing narrative of the war as a unifying national experience, focusing on issues like civilian morale and the relationship between citizens and the state. In some ways, the depth of the patriotic consensus was remarkable in a city that was far removed from any real enemy threat. The population was highly polyethnic, with strong class divisions and a vibrant tradition of political protest. Both factors meant a greater number of potential fault lines. But the large number of ethnic groups in Winnipeg and the Left's relative lack of political power also meant that there was no dominant minority to seriously challenge the interpretation of the war expressed by the city's charter group. Social cohesion was enhanced in Winnipeg despite the absence of real danger for a number of reasons: the connection of ethnic communities to occupied or threatened homelands, like Poland or the United Kingdom; the effectiveness of both official and unofficial information management, such as Victory Loan publicity; and the strong identification people maintained with family and friends in the armed forces, war industries, or state institutions. The war effort affected people as individuals and as members of families and the wider community. Its impact was at times unjust and destructive yet most hardships were ultimately accepted as necessary for the war's successful prosecution. ; February 2009
The study uses data from the 2017 South African National Income and Dynamics Survey (NIDS) to investigate the determinants of female labour force participation in South Africa. The majority of women form part of the female labour force (50.21%). These estimates are similar in urban areas (55.77%) but lower among women in rural areas (40.29%). Age and education emerge as dominant predictors of female labour force participation. A large household size decreased the odds of labour force participation. The results suggest that more needs to be done in terms of encouraging the full economic participation of women.
This article examines the gender gap in political participation in Japan. Although previous studies indicate that women may face several external constraints on political participation, this idea has not been tested systematically. Using the Japanese component of the Asia-Europe Survey, the article demonstrates that work experience and age have very different impacts on participation across the sexes. It argues that men and women encounter very different working conditions and family circumstances at certain stages of their lives, which create a gender gap in political participation.
It is known that diversity matters to improve scientific excellence and that scientific events are important occasions to discuss new ideas and create networks, beyond the fact that it helps to put the work of the scientists in evidence. Hence, increasing diversity in scientific events is crucial to improve their scientific quality and help to promote minorities. In Brazil, important physics scientific events are organized by the Brazilian Physical Society (SBF, in Portuguese), and in this work, some aspects related to the participation of women in these physics events are analyzed from 2005 to 2021. The analysis shows that women's participation has increased over the years, reaching in some areas of Physics the same percentage as the one observed in the SBF community (always below 25%). However, female participation as members of organizing committees and as keynote speakers is always lower. Some proposals are listed to change the current picture of inequality.
