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Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Role of Position-Based Routing Protocols for Different Applications of VANET -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Communication Model for Vanet -- 3. Routing Protocol for Vanet -- 3.1. Topology Based Routing Protocol -- 3.1.1. Proactive Routing Protocols -- 3.1.2. Reactive Routing Protocols -- 3.1.3. Hybrid Routing Protocols -- 3.2. Position-Based Routing Protocols -- 3.3. Cluster-Based Routing Protocols -- 3.4. Geo Cast Based Routing Protocols -- 3.5. Broadcast Based Routing Protocols -- 4. Position-Based VANET Routing Protocol -- 4.1. Non-Delay Tolerant Network -- 4.1.1. Beacon Based Position-Based Routing Protocol -- 4.1.1.1. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) -- 4.1.1.2. Geographic Source Routing (GSR) -- 4.1.1.3. Anchor Based Street and Traffic-Aware Routing (A-STAR) -- 4.1.1.4. Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing (GPCR) -- 4.1.1.5. Connectivity Aware Routing protocol (CAR) -- 4.1.2. Non-Beacon Based Position-Based Routing Protocol -- 4.1.2.1. Contention Based Forwarding (CBF) -- 4.1.3. Hybrid Routing Protocol -- 4.1.3.1. Topology Assist Geo Opportunistic Routing (TO-GO) -- 4.2. Delay Tolerant Network -- 4.2.1. Vehicle Assisted Data Delivery (VADD) -- 4.2.2. Reactive Pseudo-Suboptimal-Path Selection Routing (RPS) -- 4.3. Hybrid Network -- 4.3.1. GeoDTN + NAV -- 4.3.2. Connectivity Aware Minimum Delay Geographic Routing Protocol (CMGR) -- Conclusion and Future Scope -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Elliptic Curve Cryptography in Intelligent Transport Systems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- ITS Applications and Security -- Security in ITS -- Elliptic Curve Cryptography -- Elliptic Curve -- Domain Parameters of the Elliptic Curve -- Point Addition and Point Multiplication -- Different Multiplication Techniques -- Proposed Architecture -- Endomorphism -- Efficient Usage of Endomorphism in ECDSA.

© 2013 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. ; Road traffic is experiencing a drastic increase, and vehicular traffic congestion is becoming a major problem, especially in metropolitan environments throughout the world. Additionally, in modern Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) communications, the high amount of information that can be generated and processed by vehicles will significantly increase message redundancy, channel contention, and message collisions, thus reducing the efficiency of message dissemination processes. In this work, we present a V2X architecture to estimate traffic density on the road that relies on the advantages of combining V2V and V2I communications. Our proposal uses both the number of beacons received per vehicle (V2V) and per RSU (V2I), as well as the roadmap topology features to estimate the vehicle density. By using our approach, modern Intelligent Transportation Systems will be able to reduce traffic congestion and also to adopt more efficient message dissemination protocols. ; This work was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain, under Grant TIN2011-27543-C03-01, by the Fundación Universitaria Antonio Gargallo and the Obra Social de Ibercaja, under Grant 2013/B010, as well as the Government of Aragón and the European Social Fund (T91 Research Group). ; Barrachina Villalba, J.; Sangüesa, JA.; Fogue, M.; Garrido, P.; Martínez, FJ.; Cano Escribá, JC.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM. (2013). V2X-d: a Vehicular Density Estimation System that combines V2V and V2I Communications. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/WD.2013.6686518 ; S

In this paper, we analyze, design, develop and evaluate 3-dimensional (3-D) wireless vehicular ad hoc network that is applicable to both civil applications and mission critical military applications. Furthermore, we present secure and privacy-aware communication techniques for 3-D vehicular wireless ad hoc networks. The main motivation of this work is that recent studies have shown that the road/traffic accidents and congestion are one of the major problems being faced in the US and all over the world. According to US Department of Transportation, road accidents and traffic jams result in over a billion dollars in lost work hours and fuel. According to National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration, (refer to http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov) in 2012 there were 31,561 total fatalities due to road accidents. With the implementation of real-time information dissemination techniques using wireless networks, it is expected to help reduce road accidents and fuel consumption by providing timely information. With the implementation of autonomous communication systems between vehicles, either on the ground or in the air, it is possible to relay vital information that will save lives. Wireless communication is regarded as a backbone for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to provide upcoming traffic information for safety and to support infotainment applications for passengers. Furthermore, we investigate the wireless communication requirement for real-time vehicular communications with security and low delay. With the successful implementation of reliable and trustworthy information dissemination mechanism, 3-D ad hoc network will help save fuel, money, time and lives. We also present an integration of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs – network of vehicles on the road) with UAV (flying vehicular) networks to form 3-D wireless network (as a proof of concept). We present numerical results obtained from simulations and experiments to support our claims. We present a point to multipoint, or mesh network, for 3-dimensional wireless vehicular ad hoc networks.

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication can improve road safety and traffic efficiency, particularly around critical areas such as intersections. We analytically derive V2V success probability near an urban intersection, based on empirically supported line-of-sight (LOS), weak-line-of-sight (WLOS), and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) channel models. The analysis can serve as a preliminary design tool for performance assessment over different system parameters and target performance requirements. The most interesting outcome of this research is the ability to design the network and explicitly quantify the tolerated number of simultaneous transmissions that could occur at the same time-frame of the wanted transmission, while still meeting the predetermined target reliability. Meanwhile, we will also discuss means to determine the fraction of vehicular traffic realizations that achieve the target reliability. This is a more granular finely detailed analysis, and it will basically build on the results presented earlier.

Proceeding of: 2014 Eleventh Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON), Singapore, 30 June - 03 July, 2014 ; There is a growing need for vehicular mobility datasets that can be employed in the simulative evaluation of protocols and architectures designed for upcoming vehicular networks. Such datasets should be realistic, publicly available, and heterogeneous, i.e., they should capture varied traffic conditions. In this paper, we contribute to the ongoing effort to define such mobility scenarios by introducing a novel set of traces for vehicular network simulation. Our traces are derived from high-resolution real-world traffic counts, and describe the road traffic on two highways around Madrid, Spain, at several hours of different working days. We provide a thorough discussion of the real-world data underlying our study, and of the synthetic trace generation process. Finally, we assess the potential impact of our dataset on networking studies, by characterizing the connectivity of vehicular networks built on the different traces. Our results underscore the dramatic impact that relatively small communication range variations have on the network. Also, they unveil previously unknown temporal dynamics of the topology of highway vehicular networks, and identify their causes. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement n.630211. Funding for D. Naboulsi was provided by a grant from Rhône-Alpes Region. ; Publicado

Vehicular communications are a major subject of research and policy activity in industry, government, and academia. Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is currently the main protocol used for vehicular communications, and it operates in the 5.9 GHz band. In addition to DSRC radios, other potential uses of this band include Wi-Fi, LTE-V, and communication among unlicensed devices. This dissertation presents an architecture and a feasibility analysis including field measurements and analysis for vehicle-to-train (V2T) communications, a safety-critical vehicular communication application. The dissertation also presents a survey of research relevant to each of several possible combinations of radio-spectrum and vehicular-safety regulations that would affect use of the 5.9 GHz band, identifies the most challenging of the possible resulting technical challenges, and presents initial measurements to assess feasibility of sharing the band by DSRC radios and other devices that operate on adjacent frequencies using different wireless communication standards. Although wireless technology is available for safety-critical communications, few applications have been developed to improve railroad crossing safety. A V2T communication system for a safety warning application with DSRC radios can address the need to prevent collisions between trains and vehicles. The dissertation presents a V2T early warning application architecture with a safety notification time and distance. We conducted channel measurements at a 5.865.91-GHz frequency and 5.9-GHz DSRC performance measurements at railroad crossings in open spaces, shadowed environments, and rural and suburban environments related to the presented V2T architecture. Our measurements and analyses show that the DSRC protocol can be adapted to serve the purpose of a V2T safety warning system. The 5.9 GHz band has been sought after by several stakeholders, including traditional mobile operators, DSRC proponents, unlicensed Wi-Fi proponents and Cellular-Vehicle-to-Everything ...

In recent years, the use of cellular network technologies to provide communication-based applications to vehicles has received considerable attention. 3GPP, the standardization body responsible for cellular networks specifications, is developing technologies to meet the requirements of vehicular communication applications, and the research community is testing and validating the ability of those technologies to implement different applications. This survey presents the body of work dealing with the use of cellular technologies to implement communication-based applications for the connected vehicle. We focus on basic and advanced road safety and traffic efficiency applications, which are critically important for the future of vehicular networks. We start by describing the different cellular-related technologies that have a role to play in providing services to the connected vehicle, propose a classification of types of communication used in vehicular applications, and then apply this classification to organize and present recent research work on the topic. Finally, we identify the main challenges in the use of cellular technologies to develop applications for the connected vehicle. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. ; Funding: This work was partially supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Spain) through the ACHILLES project (PID2019-104207RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033); and by the Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid-Spain) under the Multiannual Agreement with UC3M in the line of Excellence of University Professors (EPUC3M21), and in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation).

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a fast growing technology that many governments and automobile manufacturers are investing in to provide not only safer and more secure roads, but also informational and entertainment-based applications for drivers. The applications developed for VANETs can be classified into multiple categories (safety, informational, entertainment). Most VANET applications, regardless of their category, depend on having certain vehicular data(vehicular speed, X position and Y position) available. Although these applications appear to use the same vehicular data, the characteristics of this data (i.e., amount, accuracy, and update rate) will vary based on the application category. For example, safety applications need an accurate version of the vehicular datawith high frequency, but over short distances. Informational applications relax the data frequency constraint as they need the vehicular data to be reasonably accurate with less frequency, but over longer distances. If each of these applications shares the vehicular data with only its peers using its own mechanism, this behavior will not only introduce redundant functionalities (sending, receiving, processing, etc.) for handling the same data, but also wastefully consume the bandwidth by broadcasting the same data multiple times. Despite the differences in the data characteristics needed by each application, this data can be still shared. Vehicular networks introduce the potential for many co-existing applications. If we do not address the problem of data redundancy early, it may hinder the deployment and usefulness of many of these applications. Therefore, we developed a framework, cluster-based accurate syntactic compression of aggregated data in VANETs (CASCADE), for efficiently aggregating and disseminating commonly-used vehicular data. CASCADE is architccted as a layer that provides applications with a customized version of the vehicular data, based on parameters that each application registers with CASCADE. Additionally, the framework performs the common data handling functionalities (sending, receiving, aggregating, etc.) needed by the applications. This dissertation makes the following contributions: (1) a lossless data compression technique based on differential coding that is tailored for the characteristics of vehicular data; (2) a syntactic data aggregation mechanism that can represent the vehicular data in a 1.5 km area in one IEEE 802.11 frame; (3) a light-weight position verification technique that quickly detects false data with very low false positives; (4) a probabilistic data dissemination technique that alleviates the spatial broadcast storm problem and effectively uses the bandwidth to disseminate data to distant areas in a short amount of time inaddition to having less redundancy and more coverage than other techniques. (5) a mechanism for recovering from the communication discontinuity problem inshort time based on the traffic density in the opposite direction; (6) an investigation of the possible data structures for representing the vehicular data in a searchable format; (7) a parametric mechanism for matching the vehicular data and providing a customized version of the data that satisfies certain characteristics based on the parameter value. CASCADE through its four major components, local view, extended view, data security and data dissemination, provides an efficient solution for the problem of scalability for VANET applications.

Third generation mobile systems are seen as the technology to bring new broadband services to the mobile user. This paper discusses UMTS/GPRS technologies applying to tactical communication networks. A detailed description of the 3G technologies is provided, and their application in Military Environments is studied in depth. The paper discusses the introduction of new services into Military- networks, which is improving tactical effectiveness, while also dealing with major improvements in spectrum efficiency, capability and functionality compared with today's non-voice mobile services. The schemes and mechanisms for controlling the traffic in order to achieve the per-hop behavior is still an open problem in the Military wireless environment. GPRS and UMTS can provide military with access to many different demanding tactical services. Nevertheless, in order to preserve the unique characteristics of military systems, a number of vital issues have to be carefully addressed, including security mechanisms and fraud detection. Thus, the UMTS/GPRS tactical network is a challenge for the military telecommunication. It will provide a massive boost to mobile data usage and usefulness. Although, many problems are still not solved, for instance effective radio access schemes and traffic management, the information that can be transfer in this tactical network environment are very useful except for the communications and for the command and control systems. © 2004 IEEE.

Recent research efforts of academia, automotive industry and transport government sector point to intelligent transportation systems (ITS) as a key technology for improving road safety, traffic efficiency and comfort driving. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) have significant potential to enable applications in order to enhance traffic safety. The interaction among vehicles and infrastructure allows real-time communications that provide information to drivers in hazardous situations, avoiding accidents. This article provides an overview of vehicular ad hoc networks; describes the fundamental concepts, communication standards and vehicular applications. In addition, this paper presents an evaluation of VANET simulators.

IoT and cloud computing advancements in vehicular ad-hoc networks / Ram Rao, Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research, India, Vishal Jain, Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi, India, Omprakash Kaiwartya, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom, Nanhay Singh, Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research, India -- Efficient encryption techniques for data transmission through the Internet of Things devices / Deena Gupta, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi India, Rajendra Kumar, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi- India, Ashwani Kumar, IEC College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, UP, India -- Novel congestion control model for maintaining quality of service in MANET / Mamoon Rashid, School of Computer Science & Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India, Aabid Rashid, Department of Electronics & Communication, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu, India, Sachin Kumar Gupta, Department of Electronics & Communication, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu, India, Fayaz Ahmad Fayaz, National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Srinagar, Govt. of India.

La present tesi es centra en la privadesa dels ciutadans com a usuaris de mitjans de transport vehiculars dins del marc d'una e-society. En concret, les contribucions de la tesi es focalitzen en les subcategories d'estacionament de vehicles privats en zones públiques regulades i en la realització de transbordaments entre línies intercomunicades en l'àmbit del transport públic. Una anàlisi acurada de les dades recopilades pels proveedors d'aquests serveis, sobre un determinat usuari, pot proporcionar informació personal sensible com per exemple: horari laboral, professió, hobbies, problemes de salut, tendències polítiques, inclinacions sexuals, etc. Tot i que existeixin lleis, com l'europea GDPR, que obliguin a utilitzar les dades recollides de forma correcta per part dels proveedors de serveis, ja sigui a causa d'un atac informàtic o per una filtració interna, aquestes dades poden ser utilitzades per finalitats il·legals. Per tant, el disseny protocols que garanteixin la privadesa dels ciutadans que formen part d'una e-society esdevé una tasca de gran importància. ; La presente tesis se centra en la privacidad de los ciudadanos en el transporte vehicular dentro del marco de una e-society. En concreto, las contribuciones de la tesis se centran en las subcategorías de estacionamiento de vehículos privados en zonas públicas reguladas y en la realización de transbordos entre líneas interconectadas en el ámbito del transporte público. Una análisi acurada de los datos recopilados por los proveedores de los servicios, sobre un determinado usuario, puede proporcionar información personal sensible como por ejemplo: horario laboral, profesión, hobbies, problemas de salud, tendencias políticas, inclinaciones sexuales, etc. A pesar que hay leyes, como la europea GDPR, que obligan a usar de forma correcta los datos recopilados por parte de los proveedores de servicios, ya sea por un ataque informático o por una filtración interna, estos datos pueden utilizarse para fines ilegales. Por lo tanto, es vital diseñar protocolos que garanticen la privacidad de los ciudadanos que forman parte de una e-society. ; This thesis is focused on the privacy of citizens while using vehicular transport systems within an e-society frame. Specifically, the thesis contributes to two subcategories. The first one refers to pay-by-phone systems for parking vehicles in regulated public areas. The second one is about the use of e-tickets in public transport systems allowing transfers between connecting lines. A careful analysis of data collected by service providers can provide sensitive personal information such as: work schedule, profession, hobbies, health problems, political tendencies, sexual inclinations, etc. Although the law, like the European GDPR, requires the correct use of the data collected by service providers, data can be used for illegal purposes after being stolen as a result of a cyber-attack or after being leaked by an internal dishonest employee. Therefore, the design of privacy-preserving solutions for mobility-based services is mandatory in the e-society.

In this paper, the authors propose a dynamic Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for vehicular ad hoc networks to distribute the role of the central certification authority (CA) among a set of dynamically elected CAs. The election process is based on a clustering algorithm relying on trust levels and relative mobility. Furthermore, the authors have adapted the Dynamic Demilitarized Zones to protect the elected CAs from malicious nodes and enable them to act as registration authorities (RA). Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the clustering algorithm and investigate the impact of the vehicle speed, the vehicle average arrival rate, and the percentage of confident vehicles on the stability and efficiency of the security infrastructure. The authors demonstrate the percentage of confident nodes has a little impact on these performance metrics and that the minimum number of CAs to cover the entire platoon.