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brought to the forefront of the media scene in 2015, borders are paradoxical geopolitical objects which everyone believes can give a simple definition. Who knows that our country's longest border is the one it shares with Brazil (730 km)? It is therefore important to question the ideas received on the border, in order to grasp a few clearances to understand how these international boundaries have become essential elements of the redefinition of contemporary political relations at all levels. Perceived as dividing lines, borders are becoming complex devices for sorting globalisation flows rather than binary boundaries between the dewithin and outside the nation and/or the state. ; International audience ; brought to the forefront of the media scene in 2015, borders are paradoxical geopolitical objects which everyone believes can give a simple definition. Who knows that our country's longest border is the one it shares with Brazil (730 km)? It is therefore important to question the ideas received on the border, in order to grasp a few clearances to understand how these international boundaries have become essential elements of the redefinition of contemporary political relations at all levels. Perceived as dividing lines, borders are becoming complex devices for sorting globalisation flows rather than binary boundaries between the dewithin and outside the nation and/or the state. ; Portées au devant de la scène médiatique en 2015, les frontières constituent des objets géopolitiques paradoxaux dont tout un chacun pense pouvoir en donner une définition simple. Qui sait pourtant que la plus longue frontière de notre pays est celle qu'il partage avec le Brésil (730 km) ? Il importe donc de remettre en cause les idées reçues sur la frontière, afin d'appréhender quelques cléspermettant de comprendre en quoi ces limites internationales sont devenues des éléments essentiels de la redéfinition des rapports politiques contemporains, et ce, à toutes les échelles. Perçues comme des lignes de démarcation, les frontières sont ...

O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar as vias de pesquisa da filosofia de Machado de Assis. Parte-se da perspectiva não colonial para analisar o dilema da crítica literária a respeito da presença da filosofia na obra de Machado de Assis. Os argumentos da crítica justificam-se pela retórica da modernidade e pela lógica da colonialidade. Sob três critérios interpretativos distintos – o racial, o geográfico e o ideológico – mantém-se o mesmo dilema: como tornar filósofo aquele que não pode ser filósofo? Novas vias de interpretação da obra de Machado de Assis podem solucionar esse dilema ao indicarem temas e métodos de pesquisa não coloniais sobre a relação entre a filosofia e a vida intelectual do autor.

since Russia forcibly annexed Crimea in 2014 (based on the legitimacy of a referendum) and after the rejection of the entire international community, the situation on the peninsula became as unstable as chaotic. Far from waiting for de jure recognition by international bodies, the political decisions of the Kremlin moved towards territorial expansionism in areas of great geopolitical importance. Building on a stratagary of a chess game, Moscow's policy sought to create a field of action that would allow it, on the one hand, to add sectors related to its development and, on the other, to add 'tensions' to define its strategy of linking — communication in the rest of the global village. This engagement of Russia was a permanent confrontation with Ukraine, which is supported by both the US, NATO and the European Union. Kiev has been calling since 2014 for illegitimate appropriation of a territory which he considers himself and his requests to the international order to condemn and punish the Russian position are becoming more and more recurrent. Department of International Security and Defence Institute for International Relations ; Desde que Rusia anexó por la fuerza Crimea en 2014 (basado en la legitimidad de un referéndum) y tras el rechazo de toda la comunidad internacional, la situación de la península se volvió tan inestable como caótica. Lejos de esperar un reconocimiento de iure por parte de los organismos internacionales, las decisiones políticas del Kremlin avanzaron hacia el expansionismo territorial en zonas de enorme relevancia geopolítica. Fiel a una estratagema propia de un juego de ajedrez, la política de Moscú buscó generar un campo de acción que le permitiera, por un lado, sumar sectores afines a su desarrollo y, por el otro, sumar "tensiones" con las cuales delimitar su estrategia de vinculación - comunicación en el resto de la aldea global. Este accionar de Rusia supuso una confrontación permanente con Ucrania, quien cuenta con el apoyo tanto de EEUU como de la OTAN y la Unión Europea. Kiev, ...

National hearing When public action relates to technical projects, traditional political debates no longer have any influence over it. The example of the Great Speech Trains will allow us to question the democratic nature of technology-intensive policies. Technical and political choices intertwined closely in the 1960s, before becoming the hardened benchmark for a policy in the 1990s. What happens when this policy is called into question? Will the conflict in the TGV Mediterranean be able to reopen this black box? ; National audience Lorsque l'action publique porte sur des projets techniques, les débats politiques traditionnels n'ont plus de prise sur elle. L'exemple des Trains à Grande Vitesse nous permettra d'interroger le caractère démocratique des politiques à haute teneur technologique. Des choix techniques et politiques se sont étroitement mêlés dans les années soixante, avant de devenir le référentiel durci d'une politique dans les années quatre-vingt-dix. Que se passe-t-il quand cette politique est remise en cause ? Le conflit du TGV Méditerranée parviendra-t-il à rouvrir cette boîte noire ?

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados de pesquisa sobre proposta metodológica de ensino de filosofia para o nível médio. Para tanto, tem como referência principal o pensamento educacional de Friedrich Nietzsche, mais especificamente dois movimentos filosóficos nietzschianos: o "tornar-se o que se é", o qual corresponde a uma necessária genealogia de si no processo de educação filosófica, e o que se liga ao tema da autossuperação, à afirmação de uma singularidade criativa de si como experiência filosófica por excelência. Desse modo, procura-se discutir como esses dois movimentos podem se constituir em práticas de ensino de filosofia e como podem ser apreendidos como referências para se pensar as melhores estratégias metodológicas para o ensino de filosofia. Trata-se, assim, de entender a dinâmica inerente à aprendizagem filosófica como ponto de partida para o estabelecimento de modos mais efetivos de ensinar filosofia aos estudantes do ensino médio. Apresentam-se, neste artigo, as referências filosóficas, a descrição da metodologia e das atividades realizadas com os estudantes. Ao final, consta a avaliação do trabalho realizado. Concluiu-se que a metodologia elaborada e aplicada nas aulas de filosofia se mostrou apropriada aos objetivos visados.

In France de Vichy, the new legal condition of Jewish, introduced by the Statute of 3 October 1940, suddenly moves away from the subject of study by legal specialists and is becoming an imperative in the world of education. How does the race-right pair fit into the daily teaching practices of French legal faculties? What was the role played by the transmission of anti-Semitic law in the process of accustoming specialists in the right to the new racial qualification? focusing on the Faculty of Law in Paris during the dark years of German Occupation, this study is intended to provide a wealth of answers to these questions, trying to understand the degree of involvement of teachers and students in the new regime and in the application of measures to exclude civil servants and students 'regarded as Jews'; to determine the place given to the Jewish Statute in the training of young French lawyers in the 1940s and to measure the participation of the faculty in the process of metabolising anti-Semitic law. ; In Vichy France, the Jewish new legal status, introduced by the Statute of 3rd October 1940, suddenly becomes an object of study for scholars in law, reaches and frames education. How are the twin themes of race and law structured in daily teaching practices within Law French faculties ? What has been the role played by the transmission of anti-Semitic Law in the habituation process of Law scholars with respect to the new racial qualification ?Focused on Paris Law Faculty during the dark years of German occupation, this study aims at providing some answers to these questions by trying to grasp the degree of involvement of faculty and students in the new regime and in the implementation of the policy whose purpose was to exclude staff and students "regarded as Jews". Moreover, we shall enquire into the role given to the Jews Statute in the training of young French lawyers during the 1940s and the participation of the faculty in the metabolisation process of anti-Semitic Law. ; In France de Vichy, the new legal ...

A peça trágica, Medeia, é uma das maiores criações de Sêneca. É notável que Medeia tivesse empreendido uma luta interna para manter-se fiel ao seu passado de crimes, pois pretendeu exacerbar seu lado criminoso e, por fim, acabou travando uma batalha com sua própria consciência. No decorrer da peça, invocou até mesmo o universo, solicitando vingança à sua dor; entretanto, ela é mãe, revestida, internamente, de um "medo feminino". Pretende-se apresentar, neste estudo, de que forma Medeia empreende tal luta interna para arrancar do peito esse sentimento e desvencilhar-se do medo feminino a ponto de tornar-se "inumana" e matar os próprios filhos.

On 13 April 2016, France adopted the law 'to strengthen the fight against the prostitution system and to accompany prostitutes', thus becoming the second EU country to punish the clients of female sex workers. Since then, two researchers, Hélène Le Bail and Calogero Giametta, in collaboration with 11 associations, have carried out a survey to document the impact of this new legislation on the health, rights and living conditions of female sex workers in France. ; Le 13 avril 2016, la France adoptait la loi « visant à renforcer la lutte contre le système prostitutionnel et à accompagner les personnes prostituées », devenant ainsi le deuxième pays de l'Union européenne à sanctionner les clients des travailleur.se.s du sexe. Depuis, deux chercheurs, Hélène Le Bail et Calogero Giametta, en collaboration avec 11 associations ont mené une enquête afin de documenter les impacts de cette nouvelle législation sur la santé, les droits et les conditions de vie des travailleur.se.s du sexe en France.

Nano energetic materials have attracted great attention recently owing to their potential applications for both civilian and military purposes. By introducing silicon microchannel plates (Si-MCPs) three-dimensional (3D)-ordered structures, monocrystalline MnMoO 4 with a size of tens of micrometres and polycrystalline MnMoO 4 nanoflakes are produced on the surface and sidewall of nickel-coated Si-MCP, respectively. The MnMoO 4 crystals ripen controllably forming polycrystalline nanoflakes with lattice fringes of 0.542 nm corresponding to the ( 1 ¯ 11 ) plane on the sidewall. And these MnMoO 4 nanoflakes show apparent thermite performance which is rarely reported and represents MnMoO 4 becoming a new category of energetic materials after nanocrystallization. Additionally, the nanocrystallization mechanism is interpreted by ionic diffusion caused by 3D structure. The results indicate that the Si-MCP is a promising substrate for nanocrystallization of energetic materials such as MnMoO 4 .

International audience Lianas are hyperdynamic elements of tropical vegetation that strongly react to changes in forest structure. In Mayotte (Western Indian Ocean), the indigenous vine Merremia peltata (Convolvulaceae) greatly expanded its range in recent decades and sometimes causes the collapse of the forest canopy. Surveys were conducted in 52 4 m-radius plots arranged in Voundzé forest and Bénara Monts Departmental Forest, along an ecological gradient of invasion of M. peltata from free to very strongly invaded areas. The propagation modes of the liana, the vertical structure of forest stands, but also topographic parameters, were identified and quantified. No plantlet resulting from germination was observed. The creeping stems, present in high density (1.9 stems / m) were systematically layered in the ground. A set of 37 native plant species have been recorded as supports, the most common one being Grisollea myrianthea. From the primary host, which has an average diameter of 6.0 ± 4.9 cm at 1.30 m above ground, the creeper joins another support remote of a mean distance of 97 cm. The index of colonization and the index of forest structure which were used, which sum the rate of vegetation cover at different heights, were negatively correlated (n = 52, Pearson coefficient r = - 0.319, P < 0.05). Natural forests, which show a complex vertical structure, were actually less colonized than secondary forests, which have a poorer vertical structure. The negative correlation between the same index of colonization and altitude (n = 35, Pearson coefficient r = - 0.439, P < 0.05) is interpreted as a relationship confused with the previous, as natural forests are located at altitude unlike secondary forests. The colonization of forest ecosystems by M. peltata is facilitated by a high aptitude for vegetative propagation, coupled with higher propensity of secondary forests to be colonized by lianas. Uncertainty remains about the future of the sites where this vine has led to the collapse of forest stands. However, ...

Pir in the Meo (North India) inTerrain, 1995 No 24, pp. 43-56 Raymond Jamous 'Faire', in the sense that we understand it in this article, it is not to create it, make it, rather make it exist, enrol it in special places, in a world of social, religious and political relations. Moreover, 'do' must be understood, as is often the case in India, in the sense of carrying out a ritual act. In the Mewat region (Northern India) which I am interested in, the pir, a perennial term usually translated as a saint, is a special character that acts beyond his death (Ahmad 1981, Troll 1992). It may or may not have a hagiography. But that is not the most important thing. It is in and through the rite that he becomes active, or more precisely that he interacts with the living. This means that the absence of rite does not lead to its disappearance. He remains present but no longer occupies the place which was temporarily allocated to him. He is becoming a potential saint. It is in this context that the meaning of 'defeating' and 'reproducing' the saint must also be understood. The saints of the Mewat do not form a single category, they are differentiated according to the levels of social reality in which they operate, in a context of interaction between Hindus and Muslims. There are several figures of saints who do not simply depend on their greater or lesser charism, but on the places in which they are inserted, the representations to which they are subject. Studying the saintness in this region involves analysing the configuration of the saints present in diverse spaces and considering the different positions they occupy in various forms of relationship. ; International audience ; Pir in the Meo (North India) inTerrain, 1995 No 24, pp. 43-56 Raymond Jamous 'Faire', in the sense that we understand it in this article, it is not to create it, make it, rather make it exist, enrol it in special places, in a world of social, religious and political relations. Moreover, 'do' must be understood, as is often the case in India, in the ...

International audience ; Années 68 post-coloniales ? : « Mai » de France et d'Afrique Par Françoise Blum, Centre d'histoire sociale du XXe siècle (Université Paris1/CNRS)Cet article met en évidence les liens entre le Mai français et les mouvements politiques et sociaux intervenus en Guinée, au Congo, au Sénégal ou à Madagascar. Il s'intéresse à la nature commune de ces différents mouvements : rôle de la jeunesse, alliance des étudiants avec les ouvriers et le "petit peuple", en interrogeant une même situation post-coloniale. Il s'attache à décrire les connexions ainsi que les communautés d'habitus entre des mondes, africain et européen, en devenir : échanges de pratiques et savoirs en matière de contestation et de répression, échanges universitaires, culture et lectures communes, et ainsi de suite. Il s'agit ici de penser les circulations des "années 68" non seulement du Nord vers le Sud mais aussi du Sud vers le Nord, et d'intégrer Mai dans une configuration plus générale : celle des espoirs suscités et/ou déçus par la fin d'un empire.

Die Geschichtsschreibung hat die Habsburgermonarchie lange Zeit als Gegenentwurf zu Preußen wahrgenommen. Dabei war sie gerade im 18. Jahrhundert dem fridericianischen Preußen sehr viel ähnlicher als allgemein angenommen. Dieses Phänomen ist auf eine regelrechte "Prussifizierung" der Monarchia Austriaca zurückzuführen. Wie sich diese manifestierte, soll in folgendem Beitrag dokumentiert werden. Dabei ist das preußische Vorbild besonders deutlich im Militär und der eng damit verbundenen Verwaltung zu erkennen, welche auch den Kern der großen theresianischen Staatsreform und damit des Vordringens in bisher weitgehend staatsfreie Räume ausmachten. Die umfassende, fridericianisch inspirierte Modernisierung seit 1748/49 zielte auf eine intensivere Ressourcennutzung und gipfelte in einer umgreifenden Militarisierung der Habsburgermonarchie. Den Höhepunkt jener militarisierenden "Prussifizierung" stellte die Regentschaft Josephs II. dar, auch wenn viele seiner radikalen Reformen nicht lange überdauerten.

In this article, the author shows how the epistemological breakdown of moving beyond dualist thinking to that of dynamic and self-organisational thinking enables the founding power of the corps-in-motion to be modelled for the process of becoming a subject; the ability of the clinic to clock out for a long time. He reports two clinical experiments, one drawn from moral life and the other from pathological life, to illustrate his point. ; International audience ; In this article, the author shows how the epistemological breakdown of moving beyond dualist thinking to that of dynamic and self-organisational thinking enables the founding power of the corps-in-motion to be modelled for the process of becoming a subject; the ability of the clinic to clock out for a long time. He reports two clinical experiments, one drawn from moral life and the other from pathological life, to illustrate his point. ; Dans cet article, l'auteur montre comment la rupture épistémologique qui consiste à dépasser le cadre de la pensée dualiste pour adopter celui de la pensée dynamique et auto-organisationnelle permet de modéliser le pouvoir fondateur du corps-en-mouvement pour le processus du devenir sujet ; pouvoir que la clinique ne cessait pourtant de pointer depuis longtemps. Il rapporte deux expériences cliniques, l'une tirée de la vie mormale, l'autre de la vie pathologique, pour illustrer son propos.

International audience •In 25 years, open access, i.e. free and unrestricted access to scientific information, has become a significant part of scientific communication. However, its success story should not conceal a fundamental change of its nature.•Open access started, together with the Web, at the grassroots, as a bottom-up, community-driven model of open journals and repositories. Today the key driving forces are no longer community-driven needs and objectives but commercial, institutional and political interests.•This development serves the needs of the scientific community insofar as more and more content becomes available through open journals and repositories. Yet, the fall of open access as a community-driven model is running the risk of becoming dysfunctional for the scientists and may create new barriers and digital divides.