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Comprising around 1,190 small islands in the Indian Ocean, Maldives was home to around 515,696 people in 2018 and is famous for some of the world's most beautiful beaches. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been supporting Maldives since 1978, with high-end tourism propelling the country's strong economic expansion over recent decades. This has helped Maldives gain upper middle-income status with the highest per capita income in South Asia. However, as a relatively small island economy, the country is extremely vulnerable to external economic shocks and the negative impacts of climate change. Since 1978, ADB has committed loans, grants, and technical assistance worth $326.90 million (excluding equity investment of $4.50 million) for Maldives. Cumulative loan and grant disbursements to Maldives amount to $196.9 million. These were financed by regular and concessional ordinary capital resources, the Asian Development Fund, and other special funds.

Nauru is one of the world's smallest island nations. Its remote location and small domestic market raise the cost of doing business and leave its institutions thinly resourced. The Government of Nauru's income derives largely from the presence of a regional processing center for asylum seekers and revenues from selling fishing licenses. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been supporting Nauru since 1991, and cooperation has most recently focused on shoring up the country's economic and fiscal sustainability, which remain key concerns for the government given its reliance on narrow and uncertain sources of revenue, with limited private sector opportunities. Since 1991, ADB has committed a loan of $5 million, grants of $119.6 million, and technical assistance worth $7 million for Nauru. Cumulative loan and grant disbursements to Nauru from regular ordinary capital resources and the Asian Development Fund amount to $19.0 million.

ADB's support for Armenia targets inclusive, diversified, and transformative growth. It includes priority infrastructure investments in transport, energy, and urban development; assistance to reform service delivery in education, health, and financial services; and support for regional cooperation and integration. Since 2005, ADB has committed 36 loans totaling $1.55 billion (including 23 sovereign loans amounting to $1.19 billion and 13 private sector loans and 1 equity financing facility amounting to $356.9 million) and technical assistance grants totaling $26.6 million, including ADB-administered cofinancing, for Armenia. Cumulative loan disbursements to Armenia amount to $1.19 billion. These were financed by regular and concessional ordinary capital resources. As a middleincome country, Armenia has access only to market-based ordinary capital resources.

Fiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacific, with tourism as its main driver of economic activity and foreign direct investment. In 2019, more than 894,000 people visited Fiji, a growth rate of 2.8% on the 2018 numbers. The country has also seen a shift in exports from agricultural commodities to manufactured goods. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been supporting Fiji since 1970 and is currently working with the national government based on the country partnership strategy, 2019–2023, which was approved in April 2019. Over the strategy period, ADB has anticipated an allocation of $600 million in sovereign and nonsovereign resources to help Fiji overcome its key development challenges. Since 1970, ADB has committed loans totaling $589.4 million, grants of $35 million, and technical assistance worth $36.8 million for Fiji. Cumulative loan and grant disbursements to Fiji from regular ordinary capital resources and other special funds amount to $371.3 million.

In March 2019, Niue became the 68th and most recent member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Niue faces significant challenges in achieving sustained social and economic development. It is one of the smallest countries in the world, with an estimated population of just 1,520 in 2018. In proportionate terms, Niue has experienced the largest population decline of any country in recent history. The resident population of the island was reported as 5,194 in 1966. Tourism development has been the main driver of economic growth in Niue. Improved flight connectivity, investment in accommodation facilities, and a coordinated marketing campaign have seen visitor arrivals rise from around 2,000 in 2005 to about 11,500 in 2017. At around eight visitors for every resident, this translates into one of the highest tourist-to-population ratios globally. Fiscal discipline, along with large and predictable inflows of overseas development assistance, have helped to ensure macroeconomic stability in Niue. The country's development has particularly benefited from its close relationship with New Zealand, which provides significant technical and financial assistance.

Brunei Darussalam has provided $538.46 million in capital subscription to ADB as of 31 December 2020. It has also contributed and committed $21.84 million to Special Funds since joining the bank in 2006. In 2020, ADB's lending volume was $26.9 billion (149 projects), with technical assistance at $293.56 million (275 projects) and grant-financed projects at $1.08 billion (62 projects). In addition, $16.41 billion in commitments from sovereign and nonsovereign cofinancing was generated.

Just 181 square kilometers in area, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) became a member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1990. Situated amid a rich fishing region in the North Pacific, the RMI contains over 1,000 islets grouped together into 29 atolls and 5 single islands. While the capital, Majuro, and the atoll of Ebeye are highly urbanized, small populations are dispersed across the country's outer atolls. ADB has been supporting the RMI since 1990 and has committed loans of $93.1 million, grants of $41.0 million, and technical assistance projects worth $22.2 million.

This paper examines the technical challenges and safety aspects on board the ship when using alternative fuels in maritime transport and compares their use in fuel cells and combustion engines. It also looks at GHG and pollutant emissions as well as costs and possible necessary adaptations during operation.

Emboldened by a new development strategy and a comprehensive reform agenda, Uzbekistan is striving for a vibrant and inclusive market economy led by the private sector. Since joining the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 1995, Uzbekistan has received 70 loans totaling $7.4 billion, including two private sector loans totaling $225 million and technical assistance of $87.3 million. The Government of Uzbekistan has adopted a national development strategy for 2017–2021 and ADB is preparing an aligned country partnership strategy, 2019–2023. The new partnership strategy will support the government's ambitious reform agenda and the economic transition of the country by providing a comprehensive program of investment finance, policy support, and knowledge solutions.

Over the past decade, Sri Lanka has made rapid strides toward its development goals, halving its poverty rate to low single digits and improving human development. While the country now stands close to reaching upper-middle income status, it needs to foster more inclusive and sustainable momentum for economic growth. In 2018, Sri Lanka's economic growth remained subdued as it faced challenges stemming from domestic and external factors. Since 1966, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been a strong partner in the development of Sri Lanka, signing loans, grants, and technical assistance totaling $9.7 billion, and making ADB the country's largest source of multilateral development assistance.

Switzerland has provided $892.25 million in capital subscription to ADB as of 31 December 2020. It has also contributed and committed $424.15 million to Special Funds since joining the bank in 1967. Companies and consultants from Switzerland have since been awarded $729.74 million in procurement contracts on ADB-financed projects. In 2020, ADB's lending volume was $26.9 billion (149 projects), with technical assistance at $293.56 million (275 projects) and grant-financed projects at $1.08 billion (62 projects). In addition, $16.41 billion in commitments from sovereign and nonsovereign cofinancing was generated.

New Zealand has provided $2.35 billion in capital subscription to ADB as of 31 December 2020. It has also contributed and committed $198.69 million to Special Funds since joining the bank in 1966. Companies and consultants from New Zealand have since been awarded $701.39 million in procurement contracts on ADB-financed projects. In 2020, ADB's lending volume was $26.9 billion (149 projects), with technical assistance at $293.56 million (275 projects) and grant-financed projects at $1.08 billion (62 projects). In addition, $16.41 billion in commitments from sovereign and nonsovereign cofinancing was generated.

Singapore has provided $520.23 million in capital subscription to ADB as of 31 December 2020. It has also contributed and committed $27.94 million to Special Funds since joining the bank in 1966. Companies and consultants from Singapore have since been awarded $807.1 million in procurement contracts on ADB-financed projects. In 2020, ADB's lending volume was $26.9 billion (149 projects), with technical assistance at $293.56 million (275 projects) and grant-financed projects at $1.08 billion (62 projects). In addition, $16.41 billion in commitments from sovereign and nonsovereign cofinancing was generated

Fiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacific, with tourism as its main driver of economic activity and foreign direct investment. In 2018, more than 870,000 people visited Fiji, a growth rate of 3.3% on the 2017 numbers. The country has also seen a shift in exports from agricultural commodities to manufactured goods. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has been supporting Fiji since 1970 and has approved $524.4 million in loans, $35 million in grants, and $33.7 million in technical assistance. ADB and the Government of Fiji are working together based on the recently approved country partnership strategy, 2019–2023. Over the strategy period, ADB has anticipated an allocation of $600 million in sovereign and nonsovereign resources to help Fiji overcome its key development challenges.