Due especially to the work of Friedrich Hayek, "spontaneous order" has become an influential concept in social theory. It seeks to explain how human practices and institutions emerge as unintended consequences of myriad individual actions, and points to the limits of rationalism and conscious design in social life. The political implications of spontaneous order theory explain both the enthusiasm and the skepticism it has elicited, but its basic mechanisms remain elusive and underexamined. This article teases out the internal logic of the concept, arguing that it can be taken to mean several different things. Some are forward-looking (defining it in terms of present-day functioning), whereas others are backward-looking (defining it in terms of historical origins). Yet none of these possibilities prove fully coherent or satisfactory, suggesting that spontaneous order cannot bear the analytical weight that has been placed on it.
Due especially to the work of Friedrich Hayek, "spontaneous order" has become an influential concept in social theory. It seeks to explain how human practices and institutions emerge as unintended consequences of myriad individual actions, and points to the limits of rationalism and conscious design in social life. The political implications of spontaneous order theory explain both the enthusiasm and the skepticism it has elicited, but its basic mechanisms remain elusive and underexamined. This article teases out the internal logic of the concept, arguing that it can be taken to mean several different things. Some are forward-looking (defining it in terms of present-day functioning), whereas others are backward-looking (defining it in terms of historical origins). Yet none of these possibilities prove fully coherent or satisfactory, suggesting that spontaneous order cannot bear the analytical weight that has been placed on it.
"Pemba: Spontaneous Living Spaces looks at self-built dwellings and settlements in the case study city of Pemba, in the Cabo Delgado region of Mozambique. Self-built houses born from need, in haste, and with limited economical resources, are often considered to be temporary structures, but often become an integral part of the urban fabric, representative of a local culture of living. The study is part of the Spontaneous Living Spaces research project, and through a variety of documentation tools, it investigates the evolution of the architectural and urban elements that characterise self-built dwellings in Pemba. The evolution of the spontaneous living culture creates new forms of living in the city connected to local cultural expressions and the environment. These are placed in relation to the traditional and contemporary living cultures, settlement trends, and the natural environment. Covering a history of housing in Mozambique and unpacking four settlement types in Pemba, this book is written for academics, professionals, and researchers in architecture and planning with a particular interest in African architecture and urbanism"--
NEOREALISM RELIES ON AN UNACKNOWLEDGED AND PESSIMISTIC READING OF THE THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS ORDER--DEVELOPED ORIGINALLY BY ADAM SMITH AND OTHER THINKERS OF THE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT--IN ORDER TO DRIVE A WEDGE BETWEEN ACTION AND ITS INTENDED RESULTS. THIS READING ALLOWS NEOREALISTS TO VEIL THEIR PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL COMMITMENTS TO THE VIRTUES OF ANARCHY, INEQUALITY AND HEGEMONY IN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY. AN EXAMINATION OF THEORIES OF SPONTANEOUS ORDER REVEALS, HOWEVER, THAT THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE THEORY ARE MORE LIKELY TO FOLLOW WHEN AGENTS AR KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT THEIR SOCIAL CONTEXT. KNOWLEDGEABILITY IMPLIES HUMAN REFLEXIVITY SUGGESTING THAT EVEN INSTITUTIONS EMERGING SPONTANEOUSLY CAN BECOME INFUSED WITH HUMAN DESIGN. SUCH REFLEXIVITY IMPLIES NOT A CLEAR SEPARATION BUT AN OVERLAP BETWEEN INTENTIONS AND OUTCOMES. THIS OVERLAP MEANS THAT: (1) THE STUDY OF INTENDED ACTION NEEDS TO BECOME A REQUIRED PART OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY; AND (2) FAVORED INTERNATIONAL OUTCOMES NECESSITATE AN EXPLICIT DISCUSSION OF THE VALUES THAT DRIVE THEORY AND PRACTICE.
Friedrich A. Hayek's work spans over more than forty years and encompasses a number of social disciplines. That work has a single goal, however: the justification of a liberal social order. Apart from the justification of the liberal order, two other elements of his work in particular draw the attention of many economists: his definition of the economic problem as being one of coordination, and his effort to explain certain social phenomena as the result of a spontaneous order.
Reading Friedrich Hayek's late work as a neoliberal myth of the state of nature, this article finds neoliberalism's hostilities to democracy to be animated in part by a romantic demand for belonging. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order expresses this desire for belonging as it pretends the market is capable of harmonizing differences so long as the state is prevented from interfering. Approaching Hayek's work in this way helps to explain why his conceptions of both pluralism and democracy are so thin. It also suggests that neoliberalism's assaults upon democracy are intimately linked to its relentless extractivism. Yet the romantic elements in Hayek's work might have led him toward a more radical democratic project and ecological politics had he affirmed plurality for what it enables. I conclude with the suggestion that democratic theory can benefit from learning to listen to what Hayek heard but failed to affirm: nature's active voice.
We examined the possibility of spontaneous baryogenesis driven by the inflaton in the scenario of spiral inflation, and found the parametric dependence of the late-time baryon number asymmetry. As a result, it is shown that, depending on the effective coupling of baryon/lepton number violating operators, it is possible to obtain the right amount of asymmetry even in the presence of a matter-domination era as long as such era is relatively short. In a part of the parameter space, the required expansion rate during inflation is close to the current upper-bound, and hence can be probed in the near future experiments. ; GB acknowledges support from the MEC and FEDER (EC) Grants SEV-2014-0398, FIS2015-72245-EXP, and FPA2014-54459 and the Generalitat Valenciana under Grant PROMETEOII/2017/033. She also acknowledges partial support from the European Union FP7 ITN INVISIBLES MSCA PITN-GA-2011-289442 and InvisiblesPlus (RISE) H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015-690575. WIP was supported by Research Base Construction Fund Support Program Funded by Chonbuk National University in 2019, and by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2017R1D1A1B06035959). ; Peer Reviewed
AbstractTension pneumocephalus is a treatable emergency that is usually caused by trauma or surgery. We present a rare case of spontaneous tension pneumocephalus. A 64-year-old woman presented with a severe aggravating headache. Computed tomography revealed a large air collection in the brain parenchyma of the right frontal lobe, both lateral ventricles, and the subarachnoid space. Emergent craniotomy was performed because her headache got progressively worse. We found that an abnormal bony protrusion connected the frontal sinus mucosa and the intraparenchymal pneumocephalus. After removal of the bony mass and repair of the defect, the patient immediately recovered and there was no recurrence.
Ende März 2014 hat das Gallup-Institut seine Studie zum Mitarbeiter-Engagement-Index veröffentlicht, welchen sie seit dreizehn Jahren erhebt. Wieder geben 84% der Befragten über achtzehn Jahren an, dass sie sich gering bis gar nicht dem Unternehmen verbunden fühlen, bei dem sie beschäftigt sind. Auch wenn ihr Anteil von 11% im Jahre 2011 auf nun 16% gestiegen ist, ist der Anteil der Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen mit einer hohen emotionalen Bindung zum Unternehmen noch viel zu gering. Bei 33,819 Millionen Erwerbstätigen, die über achtzehn Jahre alt sind, führt diese Situation auf Grund von Fehlzeiten, Fluktuation, Mitarbeiterschwund, Arbeitsunfällen und Qualitätsproblemen zu Mehrkosten für die deutsche Volkswirtschaft in Höhe von mindestens 98,5 Milliarden Euro. Was können Firmen und die einzelnen Führungskräfte unternehmen, um diesen Zustand zu verbessern? Kann durch Anerkennung und Wertschätzung die Bindung der Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen und dadurch der Unternehmensgewinn gesteigert werden? The Gallup Institute published the results of its Employee Engagement Index study at the end of March, which it has been conducting for 13 years. Again, 85% of the polled participants over the age of 18 do not feel associated to the company they work for. Although the percentage has increased from 11% in 2011 to 16%, the percentage of employees with a high level of emotional attachment to their company is quite low. As Germany has 33,819 million employees over the age of 18, this lack of attachment leads to issues such as absenteeism, employee turnover, work force decline, work-related accidents and quality issues; which in turn increases the costs for the German economy by at least 98.5 billion Euros. What can companies and individual managers do to improve this situation? Can employee commitment/ retention be improved through employee appreciation and recognition and thus increase business profits? Keywords: total rewards systeme, maslowsche bedürfnispyramide, innere kündigung, gallup studie, frederick herzberg
