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Argues that the poverty of minorities is rarely the result of discrimination. Cultural traits are far more important. State intervention to protect minorities effectively subsidises discrimination and free markets impose costs on the prejudiced.

Contents: Introduction; 1. The social framing: weak "culture of anti-discrimination"; 2. The four pillars of anti-discrimination in Germany; 2.1 Specific anti-discrimination provisions in German legislation; 2.2 Incorporation of migrants into the general social system; 2.3 General negotiation processes of social institutions and lobby groups; 2.4 Equality-oriented projects and initiatives; 3. Conclusion and recommendation.

Immigrant-origin minorities are underrepresented in many democratic legislatures. This paper evaluates the direct effects of voter discrimination on the electoral performance of minority political candidates in Germany. Using evidence from both a survey experiment and actual election data, the paper tests two mechanisms of discrimination—negative attitudes toward minority groups and assumptions about candidate ideology—and shows that neither results in a substantial penalty for the small numbers of minority candidates who actually compete for office. Minority candidates in Germany typically run for political parties that discriminating voters would not have supported in any case.

Organized labor—based on white-exclusive and later white-dominated, though not necessarily exclusive, trade unions—formed itself as part of the settler state, not in the sense of being an apparatus of the state, but in the sense of accepting certain important precepts. The unions took for granted the nature of the settler state and, as such, conceived that the unions were to exist to serve the "legitimate" population, or at least the working class of the legitimate population.

An overview of the history of migration to West Germany after WWII including foreign worker rights, political movement influences, & the evolution of increasingly strict government immigration controls. The question of what it means to be German is addressed from the perspectives of citizenship definition, assimilation of ethnic Germans from ex-communist countries, & acceptance of East Germans through reunification. Recent political developments have added to the problem of West Germany's failure to acknowledge that it is a country of immigration with a sizable non-German population. Although nationalism is being promoted as the ultimate goal, it appears to be based on economic interests rather than social constructs of "Germanness.". M. Malas

Everyday discrimination has been studied for the last three decades, but there is a lack of quantitative research on the effects of race, gender, and class, and especially their intersectional effects, on perceived everyday discrimination for the U.S. population as a whole, despite a few studies at the local or group levels. Using new data from the 2018 General Social Survey and multiple regression, this study investigates how race, gender, and class independently and intersectionally shape everyday discrimination experiences in the United States. The results indicate that, holding other variables constant, Blacks self-claimed a significantly higher level of everyday discrimination than Whites, but other races did not differ significantly from Whites in such an experience; class was inversely associated with the level of everyday discrimination, and gender did not have an independent effect. However, while Black men self-reported a higher level of everyday discrimination than White men, Black women self-reported a lower level of everyday discrimination than White women; higher-class Blacks tended to report a significantly higher level of everyday discrimination experiences than lower-class Blacks. The findings have significant implications for research and practice in the area of everyday discrimination.