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Few studies have examined the role of city police officer racial/ethnic representation on violent crime in immigrant neighborhoods. Yet police officer race/ethnicity might play a significant role in bolstering or weakening the relationship between immigration and violent crime rates. Researchers have posited that increasing the representation of minority officer would be an important avenue for making police departments more accountable to the communities they serve. The current study contributes to existing research by using national (i.e., 89 cities and 8,980 neighborhoods) data on violent crime from large U.S. cities. We examine the relationship between immigration, violent crime rates, and minority police officer representation using multilevel modeling techniques. Results indicate that neighborhood immigrant concentration is associated with lower robbery and homicide rates. Moreover, the negative relationship between immigrant concentration and violent crime rates is strengthened by city African American and Hispanic officer representation. Policy implications for law enforcement are discussed.

Abstract
Research on police attitudes and opinions about drugs and drug enforcement is particularly relevant amidst current critiques of policing that put their role into question. The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the role of police officers in providing public health and social support to the community and people who use drugs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 police officers working across British Columbia, Canada. Interviews were analysed thematically. We discuss two main themes: (1) the roles of police officers and (2) role strain among officers. The findings show that officers have multiple roles or wear multiple 'hats', including the crime fighter, the helper, the health responder, and the administrator. Collectively, wearing 'too many hats' caused role strain as well as tense relations with the community. Findings highlight the importance of establishing clear role definitions and expectations for police, as well as providing resources to address public health and social service needs for the community.

This Brief explores the role of social crime prevention as a crime reduction strategy in the developing world. "Social crime prevention" focuses on the social and economic factors℗ℓthat may contribute to violence℗ℓand criminal behavior in a community. Particularly in the developing world, an℗ℓunderstanding℗ℓof the socioeconomic and political℗ℓcontext holds℗ℓlong-term potential for crime reduction (rather than crime displacement); however, the strategies are complex and the results may be slow. Generally, police and℗ℓlaw enforcement are℗ℓrelied upon to present quick results, where social crime prevention strategies can be viewed as being "soft on crime" or too slow. This Brief discusses the tension℗ℓbetween the traditional role of police℗ℓand proactive social crime prevention strategies in an international context, through a variety of case studies. It also provides recommendations for balancing or reshaping this role. This work will be of interest to researchers and policy makers interested in crime prevention, particularly in the developing world, criminal theory, police studies℗ℓand related disciplines such as demography, sociology and political science.℗ℓ

This Brief explores the role of social crime prevention as a crime reduction strategy in the developing world. 'Social crime prevention' focuses on the social and economic factors that may contribute to violence and criminal behavior in a community. Particularly in the developing world, an understanding of the socioeconomic and political context holds long-term potential for crime reduction (rather than crime displacement); however, the strategies are complex and the results may be slow. Generally, police and law enforcement are relied upon to present quick results, where social crime prevention strategies can be viewed as being 'soft on crime' or too slow. This Brief discusses the tension between the traditional role of police and proactive social crime prevention strategies in an international context, through a variety of case studies. It also provides recommendations for balancing or reshaping this role. This work will be of interest to researchers and policy makers interested in crime prevention, particularly in the developing world, criminal theory, police studies and related disciplines such as demography, sociology and political science. Heath Grant has a PhD in Criminal Justice from City University of New York. He is assistant professor in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. He has acted as the Director of Research at Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), an organization dedicated to improving policing and advancing professionalism through research and involvement in public policy and debate. He has also served as CEO, Global Education and Outreach of Success for Kids, an international organization dedicated to fostering youth resiliency and currently serves as Associate Director of the National Strategy Information Center's Culture of Lawfulness Project, an NGO based in Washington, DC. As part of the project, he developed curricula now reaching over a million children throughout Latin America.

This study examined a unique police studies intervention program by comparing two groups of youth-at-risk in two types of residential youth schools. The experimental group included 129 youths who had attended a police studies program, while the control group included 167 youths who had attended a different intervention program, without police studies. We hypothesized that the experimental group would have more positive perceptions of police legitimacy and distributive justice and higher levels of personal morality than the control group would. Moreover, we hypothesized that the relationship between the type of the intervention program and perceptions of police legitimacy would be explained by youths' personal morality and perceptions of police distributive justice. The study showed that the experimental group had more positive perceptions of police legitimacy and higher personal morality than did the control group, but there were no differences in perceived police distributive justice between the two groups. In addition, while personal morality partly mediated the link between the type of intervention program and perceptions of police legitimacy, perceived police distributive justice did not. Empirical and theoretical implications are discussed.

AbstractMotivated by a seemingly persistent "twin‐high" phenomenon in Latin America, we present a novel theoretical framework that has linkages between three institutions (education, criminal justice, and credit) to study policy‐pertinent research questions with regards to whether police spending has the potential to serve as an unconventional policy tool for macroeconomic management. Based on a stylized parameterization, we find formal and illegal human capital to share common cyclical properties, which can be "decoupled" under a rule‐based regime to police spending. This nonetheless comes at a cost of a greater propagation of the credit friction‐induced financial accelerator effect.

AbstractIn the attempt to increase mental health‐related service contacts, research has increasingly focussed on understanding help‐seeking; this has repeatedly found stigma and discrimination to present as significant factors inhibiting contact with services. Other cognate research has demonstrated the over‐representation of mental illness in the criminal justice system, and varied impacts of police contact on perceptions of police legitimacy and future compliance‐related behaviour. However, there has been limited‐to‐no research examining the potential effects of police contact on future help‐seeking behaviours. The study included 101 Australian‐based participants with a lived experience of mental illness who completed an online survey measuring anticipated and experienced discrimination, stigma, police contact variables and general help‐seeking. Findings suggested that anticipated discrimination and prior police contact were associated with a lower intention to seek help, with those reporting prior police contact being significantly less likely to seek help than those without prior police contact. The results indicate the need to consider individualised experiences of contacts with health and justice services, and for these services to prioritise procedurally just engagement, to limit experiences of discrimination and increase people's inclination to seek help.

Fingerprint identification is a technical assistance Police and plays an important role in proving the identity of the perpetrators of criminal acts, able to support a rapid, precise and accurate and to improve the effectiveness and efficiency in law enforcement. This study aims to determine the role of the police in the process of identifying fingerprint to uncover the perpetrators of criminal acts and to identify constraints as a barrier to the implementation of the process of identifying fingerprints by the police to uncover the perpetrators of criminal acts. This study uses empirical juridical approach to analyze the problem by combining the juridical aspect is legislation that was secondary data and empirical aspects by conducting interviews and observations at the site of research is the primary data. Results showed that: 1. The Role of the Police in identifying the perpetrator Crime Fingerprint carried out in several stages conducted by the Criminal dactyloscopy field dactyloscopy Unit (Daktikrim) under Section Identification Ditreskrimum Central Java Regional Police, in charge of the formulation, examination, comparison of equation fingerprint to reveal the identity of the offender. 2. Obstacles that Being inhibitors in Implementing Fingerprint Identification Process by the Police for Revealing Actors Crime: a. Constraints of the Police (Internal constraints) b. Constraints from outside the Police (External constraints).