Suchergebnisse

The economic principle of road pricing is that a road toll should equal the marginal cost imposed by an additional user, since this will lead to efficient use of the transport facility. However, when the road is used by traffic both from the road providing region as well as by traffic from another region, the supplied road standard is likely to be too low, since the consumer surplus of the users from outside the region is not taken into account. This can be solved by letting an authority level higher than the road supplier use taxes and earmarked transactions to raise the road standard. (In Europe we see this done in the Trans European Network). To do this the higher authority needs very detailed information about the road and the users on local level. Further raising taxes and transactions also involve costs that can be substantial. Another problem is that transactions of this type it is hard to separate from other political interference. This paper analyzes how a limited toll on top of the marginal cost can serve the purpose of solving this problem locally, without involving a higher authority.

AbstractThe article aims to analyse the experience regarding the adoption of the voluntary French standard XP X30‐901, used as the main reference point to design the ISO 59004 that will define the terminology, principles and guidance to provide a common understanding of the circular economy. After an analysis of its structure, based on a case study conducted in a pioneering company, the study provides an innovative contribution to the understanding of the adoption of Circular Economy Project Management Systems by companies to move towards CE through XP X30‐901, explaining the main drivers and barriers, the standard's adoption process and the effects in the results. The main enabler is considered its experience working with an integrated management system. The adoption has helped to integrate actions to improve the indicators of the seven areas considered by the standard: Sustainable Sourcing, Eco‐design, Industrial Symbiosis, Functional Economy, Responsible Consumption, Extending Lifetime and Efficient Management of Materials at the end of life. Overall, the company appears to be satisfied with the adoption, mainly, because it has helped it to structure actions to improve its circularity indicators. However, the need for capital to develop the investments has been the most important barrier.

Gerald Chan. China's Digital Silk Road: Setting Standards, Powering Growth. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022. 196 pp. (hardback). ISBN: 9781803921204.

We examine Cuban GDP over time and across space. We find that Cuba was once a prosperous middle-income economy. On the eve of the revolution, incomes were 50 to 60 percent of European levels. They were among the highest in Latin America at about 30 percent of the United States. In relative terms, Cuba was richer earlier on. Income per capita during the 1920s was in striking distance of Western Europe and the Southern United States. After the revolution, Cuba slipped down the world income distribution. Current levels of income per capita appear below their pre-revolutionary peaks.

This report reviews the experimentation conducted at the Czechoslovakian Scientific Research Institute of Work Safety in establishing country-wide accepted standard colors, figures and road signs.

China's Belt and Road has been billed as the single most significant undertaking by the country on the international stage. In Africa, Kenya is a core part of both the Maritime Silk Road and the Belt. The authors have examined the flagship project of this initiative in Kenya, the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) from the port of Mombasa to Nairobi, with a view to analyse the impact so far. Issues of employment, debt sustainability, neocolonialism and specific aspects of the project were looked at. Although our findings indicate that the SGR so far has both positive aspects as well as challenges, for the project to be successful both China and Kenya need to create a synergy towards solving concerns that have arisen from the completion of phase 1 of the project.

After the crisis in emerging market economies in the mid-late 1990s, the adoption of internationally recognised standards, or codes of good practice, was seen as a way to help strengthen the international financial system. This volume examines whether the standards and codes exercise can make a meaningful contribution to global financial stability and examines the developing country perspective. It takes the first steps in answering some of the open questions in the field

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by China in 2013 has been seen as one of the most ambitious initiatives to enhance infrastructure connectivity within and across countries. However, the initiative has attracted some controversy over the last five years. On the one hand, it is commended for responding to the urgent needs of many developing countries in building up basic energy and transportation infrastructures; on the other hand, it is questioned for the environmental, social, and fiscal impacts brought by large-scale infrastructure projects. The Chinese government proposed a green BRI in 2016. It is critical to understand whether greening the BRI will be translated into action, especially by the Chinese companies who fund and construct BRI projects. This article examines the pressures and incentives Chinese companies face alongside their capacity to green BRI projects. Gaps are identified in these three aspects and policy recommendations proposed to the key stakeholders. ; Center for International Knowledge on Development's (CIKD) China–UK Partnership Programme on Knowledge for Development.

Goods and Services Tax is popularly named as a "Game Changer" as it has completely subsided the existing tax mechanism by a single unified mechanism to tax goods and services. The earlier taxing mechanism had different taxes and duties levied at different levels over the same good ultimately resulting in the increase in the market price of the good and double taxation. But, the new taxing mechanism had reduced that process of double taxation and has enabled a system where the ultimate burden is on the consumer to pay the tax on the goods or services at one hand and on the other hand, regular tax collection in the form of returns on the part of manufacturers and retailers. The paper, with the help of sub topics mentioned, gives a brief outline about the historical development of GST at both national and international level, international practices in the context of GST and India's position, benefits of GST, issues which India is facing recently followed by a conclusion explaining how far is the destination to match international standards in GST for India. As the paper concludes it gives the reader a clear understanding of various aspects involved and possible solutions which can be introduced by the legislature in context of the indirect taxing mechanism though GST.