Suchergebnisse

Maros-Watampone road passes through a critical geometric conservation area where it is a barrier to the development improvement. Previous studies recommend that three proposed alternative constructions can be used: 1. Elevated Bridge, 2. Cut and Fill, 3. Tunnel system. The Government invited community members to participate in selection the best type of construction that can be applied at their region. That is one way to make the decision in the good governance process for the democratic country system. By using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the results showed that the criteria of benefits (0.300) as a major factor in determining the priority of construction and the second is environmental criteria (0.224). In fact, construction cost (0.081) and maintenance criteria (0.054) had no significant effect. An elevated bridge construction is the most suitable construction to be applied (0.528), followed by cut and fill construction (0.248) and the tunnel system (0.223) respectively. The higher contribution of benefit and environmental criteria are indicated that the community preferences cannot be measured with price system. Besides fairly large energy consumption, the construction activity created CO2 emissions simultaneously. Thus a simply estimation of the CO2 emissions indicates that the elevated bridge construction has the lowest (1.31 TonCO2/km) emissions than the tunnel construction (1.79 TonCO2/km). The decision-making process showed that the public started to pay attention for their quality of life, and the environmental effect caused by their development activity. On the other hand, the Government has a limited budget to choose the best development program; therefore, we made an evaluation of the efficiency of economic resources based on: 1. Benefit-Cost analysis, 2. Net Present Value (NPV) analysis, 3. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) analysis. By the investment feasibility evaluation of the best construction can be proven that the public decision is the right choice to support the government decision. Public participation in economic development is the one way to reach efficiency of economic resources. Keywords: Public Participation, Decision-making, Analytic Hierarchy Process, CO2 Emissions, Efficiency of Economic Evaluation JEL codes: R, R5, R58

Das vorliegende Paper stellt den ersten Beitrag dar, der sich mit dem innovativen Konzept des Regionalen Gewerbeflächenpools aus wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher Sicht beschäftigt. Der hier analysierte aus der kommunal- bzw. regionalpolitischen Praxis kommende Poolansatz geht über das bisher bekannte Konzept Interkommunaler Gewerbegebiete räumlich und vor allem konzeptionell weit hinaus. Beim Konzept des Gewerbeflächenpools kommt es zu einer Poolbildung von in räumlicher Nähe zueinander stehenden Kommunen im Bereich der Gewerbeflächenpolitik. Die entsprechenden Mitgliedskommunen bringen dabei entweder Flächen- oder Geldeinlagen in den Pool ein. Die einzelnen Poolmitglieder profitieren dann nach Maßgabe ihres Poolanteils von den vom Pool ausgeschütteten Flächenverkaufserlösen und Gewerbesteuereinnahmen. Dadurch ergibt sich bei den entsprechenden Kommunaleinnahmen zwischen den Poolmitgliedern ein Risikoausgleich. Die Poolbildung führt zudem zu einer erhöhten regionalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, was in Zeiten eines verstärkten Wettbewerbs der Regionen ein wichtiger Aspekt ist. Der Beitrag behandelt ausgewählte wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fragestellungen zum Poolkonzept, insbesondere aus kommunalökonomischer Sicht.

Der Wissenschaftliche Beirat beim Bundesfinanzministerium betont in seinem aktuellen Gutachten über die 'Finanzpolitischen Herausforderungen des demografischen Wandels im föderativen System' die räumlich diskrepante Bevölkerungsentwicklung und deren Herausforderung für die öffentlichen Haushalte. Als Folge des demografischen Wandels müssen nicht nur Wachstumsprozesse, sondern auch Schrumpfprozesse gestaltet werden. Notwendige Entscheidungen sollten außerdem rechtzeitig erfolgen, damit sich Bund und Länder vor den fiskalischen Folgen schützen können. Ein passender Ordnungsrahmen ist dafür unumgänglich. ; Demographic change is a particular challenge for fiscal federalism, because the decline of population is expected to affect the various regions within a country unequally. Population growth and shrinkage co-exist, thus requiring both upward and downward adjustments in physical and social infrastructure. A recent report by the Scientific Advisory Board to the German Federal Ministry of Finance discusses the potential implications for the governance of budget policy. The present article reviews this report, which pleads in favour of tight budget constraints and clear-cut fiscal accountability at the local level. Rules have to be enforced which ensure the timely adjustment of local public expenditures to shrinking revenues. The state and federal levels have to protect themselves against the risk of having to bail out those local jurisdictions which have missed or delayed the necessary measures against growing deficits.

IntroductionMODERN (A4001095) was the first prospective phase 3 study comparing genotype vs phenotype (Trofile™) tropism assessments.Materials and MethodsTreatment‐naïve adults with HIV‐1 RNA >1000 copies/mL were randomized 1:1 at screening to either genotype or Trofile for tropism assessment. Genotype was determined using the geno2pheno algorithm to assess triplicate HIV‐1 gp120 V3 loop sequences (plasma); false‐positive rate=10%. R5‐virus‐infected subjects were then randomized 1:1 to receive Maraviroc (MVC) 150 mg QD or Truvada 200/300 mg QD each with DRV/r 800/100 mg QD. Tropism of screening samples from enrolled subjects was also retrospectively determined using the alternate testing method. Positive predictive values (PPV) were estimated by%R5 subjects with Week 48 HIV‐1 RNA < 50 c/mL. PPV for each assay was estimated using the response rate among those randomized to that assay and using model‐based response estimates in those with R5 by that assay (at screening or retest).ResultsThe observed response rate was 146/181 (80.7%) for genotype vs 160/215 (74.4%) for Trofile (stratification adjusted difference=6.9%, 95% CI 1.3% to 15%). The model‐based estimates of PPV (±SE) were 79.1% (±2.42) and 76.3% (±2.38), respectively (difference = 2.8%, 95% CI −2.1% to 7.2%). There was no difference in response rate between assays in the Truvada arm (observed difference=− 0.1%, 95% CI −6.8% to 6.6%). Most enrolled subjects had R5 results at screening using both assays (285/396 (72%)), and of these subjects, 79.3% (226/285) had HIV‐1 RNA <50 c/mL at week 48 (Table 1). The few subjects classified as non‐R5 by the alternate assay had similar virologic responses to the concordant R5 group.ConclusionThere was a higher MVC response rate and model‐based positive predictive value with genotype compared to Trofile, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The majority of subjects had concordant R5 tropism results. Either phenotype or genotype can effectively predict MVC response.

Städte und Regionen entwickeln sich zurzeit ungleich und erzeugen gesellschaftlich und politisch Aufmerksamkeit. Die Sorge vor einem weiteren Aufreißen der Lücken zwischen Stadt und Land und zwischen Gewinner- und Verliererregionen des Strukturwandels sitzt tief und damit auch die Sorge vor sozialen und politischen Verwerfungen. Wie lässt sich die Entwicklung von Städten und Regionen erklären? Was sind zentrale Treiber der Regionalentwicklung? Was soll und was kann Regionalpolitik leisten? ; The uneven development of cities and regions has moved to the forefront of the public and political debate not only in Germany, but many countries as well. Of great concern is possibility that the gaps between large and small cities and between winning and losing regions of structural change are widening and that this may result in negative political and social consequences. Against this backdrop, three issues are addressed in this paper: How can the evolution of cities and regions be explained? What are central drivers of this development? What are the roles and scope of regional policies?

BackgroundThe introduction of C‐C chemokine receptor type‐5 (CCR5) antagonists as antiretroviral therapy has led to the need to study HIV co‐receptor tropism in different HIV‐1 subtypes and geographical locations. This study was undertaken to evaluate HIV‐1 co‐receptor tropism in the developing world where non‐B subtypes predominate, in order to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of CCR5 antagonists in these regions.MethodsHIV‐1‐infected patients were recruited into this prospective, cross‐sectional, epidemiologic study from HIV clinics in South Africa, Uganda and India. Patients were infected with subtypes C (South Africa, India) or A or D (Uganda). HIV‐1 subtype and co‐receptor tropism were determined and analyzed with disease characteristics, including viral load and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts.ResultsCCR5‐tropic (R5) HIV‐1 was detected in 96% of treatment‐naïve (TN) and treatment‐experienced (TE) patients in India, 71% of TE South African patients, and 86% (subtype A/A1) and 71% (subtype D) of TN and TE Ugandan patients. Dual/mixed‐tropic HIV‐1 was found in 4% of Indian, 25% of South African and 13% (subtype A/A1) and 29% (subtype D) of Ugandan patients. Prior antiretroviral treatment was associated with decreased R5 tropism; however, this decrease was less in subtype C from India (TE: 94%, TN: 97%) than in subtypes A (TE: 59%; TN: 91%) and D (TE: 30%; TN: 79%). R5 virus infection in all three subtypes correlated with higher CD4+ count.ConclusionsR5 HIV‐1 was predominant in TN individuals with HIV‐1 subtypes C, A, and D and TE individuals with subtypes C and A. Higher CD4+ count correlated with R5 prevalence, while treatment experience was associated with increased non‐R5 infection in all subtypes.

Angesichts der teilweise prekären Finanzlage deutscher Kommunen gelten freiwillige Kooperationen im Kommunalbereich als mögliche Alternative, z. B. zu politisch heiklen Gebietsreformen, um Kostenersparnisse zu realisieren. Die Ergebnisse einer Effizienzstudie des IWH (in Kooperation mit der Universität Kassel) zeigen am Beispiel der hessischen kommunalen Abwasserentsorgung allerdings, dass sich nicht jede Form der kommunalen Zusammenarbeit bzw. Arbeitsteilung günstig auf die Effizienz der Leistungserstellung auswirken muss. Insbesondere die verbreitete Teilzweckverbandslösung schneidet hier eher ungünstig ab. Weitere Ergebnisse zeigen neben einem erheblichen Effizienzsteigerungspotenzial auch eine weitgehende Ausschöpfung von Größenvorteilen. Daneben bestätigt sich außerdem der erhebliche Einfluss demographischer und siedlungsstruktureller Faktoren für die effiziente Abwassersammlung und -behandlung.

Das Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH) veranstaltet unter Federführung der Forschungsabteilung Stadtökonomik alle zwei Jahre das "Hallesche Kolloquium zur kommunalen Wirtschaft". Vor dem Hintergrund der kommunalen Gebietsreformen in Ostdeutschland befasste sich die Veranstaltung am 24. und 25. November 2011 mit der Frage, ob insbesondere mit Bezug auf den Kommunalbereich "bigger" notwendigerweise auch "better" (z. B. im Sinne einer möglichst kostengünstigen Versorgung mit öffentlichen Leistungen) bedeuten muss. Die Konferenz richtete sich dabei sowohl an Wissenschaftler als auch an Praktiker aus Politik und Verwaltung. Im Mittelpunkt standen dabei wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zur Effizienz des öffentlichen Sektors auf verschiedenen Ebenen. Beleuchtet wurde dieses Thema nicht nur aus der volkswirtschaftlichen, sondern auch aus der rechts- und verwaltungswissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Nach den Fachvorträgen aus den genannten Bereichen bildete eine Podiumsdiskussion mit Vertretern aus Kommunalpolitik, Kommunalverbänden und Landesverwaltung den Abschluss der Konferenz. Insgesamt zeigte die Veranstaltung auf, dass Größe nicht alles ist bei der Gestaltung künftiger Kommunalstrukturen und Gebietsreformen alles andere als ein Allheilmittel bei mangelnder Leistungsfähigkeit (z. B. Finanzschwäche) der Kommunen sind.

This paper analyzes, within a regional growth model, the impact of productive governmental policy and integration on the spatial distribution of economic activity. Integration is understood as enhancing territorial cooperation between the regions, and it describes the extent to which one region may benefit from the other region's public input, e.g. the extent to which regional road networks are connected. Both integration and the characteristics of the public input crucially affect whether agglomeration arises and if so to which extent economic activity is concentrated: As a consequence of enhanced integration, agglomeration is less likely to arise and concentration will be lower. Relative congestion reinforces agglomeration, thereby increasing equilibrium concentration. Due to the congestion externalities, the market outcome ends up in suboptimally high concentration.

AbstractIntroductionWHO recommends implementing a mix of community and facility testing strategies to diagnose 95% of persons living with HIV (PLHIV). In Mozambique, a country with an estimated 506,000 undiagnosed PLHIV, use of home‐based HIV testing services (HBHTS) to help achieve the 95% target has not been evaluated.MethodsHBHTS was provided at 20,000 households in the Chókwè Health Demographic Surveillance System (CHDSS), Mozambique, in annual rounds (R) during 2014 to 2019. Trends in prevalence of HIV infection, prior HIV diagnosis among PLHIV (diagnostic coverage), and undiagnosed HIV infection were assessed with three population‐based surveys conducted in R1 (04/2014 to 04/2015), R3 (03/2016 to 12/2016), and R5 (04/2018 to 03/2019) of residents aged 15 to 59 years. Counts of patients aged ≥15 years tested for HIV in CHDSS healthcare facilities were obtained from routine reports.ResultsDuring 2014 to 2019, counsellors conducted 92,512 home‐based HIV tests and newly diagnosed 3711 residents aged 15 to 59 years. Prevalence of HIV infection was stable (R1, 25.1%; R3 23.6%; R5 22.9%; p‐value, 0.19). After the first two rounds (44,825 home‐based tests; 31,717 facility‐based tests), diagnostic coverage increased from 73.8% (95% CI 70.3 to 77.2) in R1 to 93.0% (95% CI 91.3 to 94.7) in R3, and prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection decreased from 6.6% (95% CI 5.6 to 7.5) in R1 to 1.7% (95% CI 1.2 to 2.1) in R3. After two more rounds (32,226 home‐based tests; 46,003 facility‐based tests), diagnostic coverage was 95.4% (95% CI 93.7 to 97.1) and prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection was 1.1% (95% CI 0.7 to 1.5) in R5. Prevalence of having last tested at home was 12.7% (95% CI 11.3 to 14.0) in R1, 45.2% (95% CI 43.4 to 47.0) in R3, and 41.4% (95% CI 39.5 to 43.2) in R5, and prevalence of having last tested at a healthcare facility was 45.3% (95% CI 43.3 to 47.3) in R1, 40.1% (95% CI 38.4 to 41.8) in R3, and 45.2% (95% CI 43.3 to 47.0) in R5.ConclusionsHBHTS successfully augmented facility‐based testing to achieve HIV diagnostic coverage in a high‐burden community of Mozambique. HBHTS should be considered in sub‐Saharan Africa communities striving to diagnose 95% of persons living with HIV.

There is evidence that suggests that both the creation of Protected Areas (PAs) and indigenous Reserves (IRs) has helped to reduce deforestation. Nevertheless, there are some overlapping zones between these institutions in the Colombian Amazon that have not been studied. Are these overlaps affecting the deforestation in the IRs? How are the indigenous communities responding to these overlaps? In this paper I estimate the impacts of these overlaps on the deforestation inside the IRs using a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methodology. I use important determinants of the location of PAs and deforestation to create a valid counterfactual within the IRs. My results suggest that the overlap significantly reduces the deforestation, but that there is a differential effect depending on the IR¿s size. These results suggest that the extra legal restrictionimposed by the central government, favor the territorial control inside the IRs. This paper provides a starting point to analyze the current relationship between the central government, the indigenous communities and how it affects deforestation.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the conditions and change of spatial inequality of South Korea according to the spatial policy. For this, this study will characteristics of the spatial policies by Korean government for 20 years (1995~2014), and will analyze what effect the spatial policy had on the spatial inequality of South Korea. South Korea¡¯s spatial inequality is very severe in the world. For example, concentration of Seoul, Korea is much higher than London, England, Tokyo, Japan and Paris, France. Therefore, South Korea¡¯s top priority for sustainable development is to solve concentration to capital region and spatial inequality. However, South Korea has pushed forward alternately the growth policy and balance policy for 20 years. Spatial policy of South Korea had been carried forward by the growth policy till 1998, but it changed to the balance policy between 1998~2007. Since 2008, it has been being pushed forward by the growth policy again. As a result, spatial inequality of South Korea somewhat eased off between 2000~2005, but it rather has shown a tendency of being expanded since. Particularly, the spatial inequality is broadening in population, economic, industry, finance and the powers sectors. In addition, infrastructure, health and welfare, education sectors, whose spatial inequality is relatively low, the spatial inequality is being expanded.

Proximity analyses have nowadays turned out to be a part of the toolbox of regional scientists and this notion recently became very popular in the position of politics, and private or public stakeholders. In parallel, the notion of proximity spread in the academic literature and is now commonly used by scholars in regional science, geography or spatial economics. Interest is affecting now the works dedicated to innovation process, links between science and industry, relations between users and producers or sub-contractors, national systems of innovation, innovative milieus, about also local labour markets or urban policies. But despite the substantial literature on proximity processes and relations, only a few academic works have been devoted to studying the link between regional development and proximity relations. We consider that the integration of the notion of proximity into the framework of regional development analysis provides interesting input due to its plasticity and ability to draw connections between spatial, economic and social dimensions; but also suggests ways of possible changes for regional and territorial policies. The main outline is to try to assess the importance of proximity relations (or obstacles led by proximity relations) in regional development processes, and discuss approaches of different disciplines. We aim to re-situate the analysis of proximity within the various theoretical approaches to the territory and, in particular, to highlight its place and the role it could play in the study of regional and territorial development processes, and possibly its contribution to public policies or collective action. It seems interesting to investigate the relation between proximity analyses and regional or local and territorial development; taking into account long distance relations and clusterisation processes has led to a renewal of development approaches. This investigation consists of three main axes of inquiry related to the ability to go beyond the sterile opposition between the local only and the decisive influence of distance relations. Are the themes addressed in these approaches wide and diverse enough to account for the mechanisms that reflect the diversity and complexity of the processes of local development (or are they, on the contrary, too specific to certain areas)? Are the (conceptual and analytical) tools, models and applied (qualitative and quantitative) studies based on an analysis of the phenomena of regional development through proximity sufficiently robust and objectifiable (and can they be used to generate valuable measures)? Can the results of proximity based analyses be translated into recommendations for decision-making and coordination between stakeholders, including in the field of public action or policies?

This paper analyzes the distribution of discretionary transfers from higher tiers of government in the process of fiscal adjustment in local jurisdictions which were hit by a negative revenue shock in formula transfers. Spanish local governments experienced a 30% fall in their revenue-sharing revenues at the beginning of the Great Recession. We use a 'difference-in-discontinuities' design to identify the causal effect of that shock on the amount of discretionary grants provided by three higher tiers of government (i.e., central, regional, and provincial) and on other budget items (i.e., spending and taxation). We identify these effects using an exogenous variation in formula transfers, as the losses during the crisis of municipalities above the 5,000 population threshold were greater than the losses of those below this threshold. We find that, on average, municipalities above and below the 5,000 inhabitant threshold did not differentially adjust their budgets during the crisis. Rather, we find that for themost indebted municipalities, a substantial share of the shock was absorbed by discretionary grants provided by regional and provincial governments.

This study examines the association between urban/rural residence and various forms of trust in Hungary, including control variables such as age, gender, income, marriage, qualification into the analysis. Trust is a basic dimension of human capital and a very often used concept in everyday situations too. Trust research became increasingly popular in recent years. However, urban-rural and spatial differences of specific forms of trust remains a rarely investigated question. Trust can be measured with one question (global or general trust) or with many questions. Global measures of trust have serious methodological and interpretative problems. Therefore a research was conducted with 19 questions concerning the various personal or impersonal subjects of trust. Respondents (n=2031) of a countrywide representative survey in Hungary rated their trust in various groups or institutions on a 10-point Likert scale. The results were analysed along the settlement hierarchy at four different levels: Budapest, the country capital; cities with county rights (namely the biggest Hungarian cities, apart from Budapest); smaller and medium sized cities; villages. Various sociodemographic factors were included into the analysis. In some cases age and gender is a more significant factor in differentiating the results as the settlement type, but age and gender can have a different effect on results for different settlement types. The results have a great variability according to the subject of trust. General differences between settlement types show a higher trust level in cities with county rights, then towns, villages and at last Budapest. Exceptions from this general picture are highly interesting: trust in personal contacts is much lower in Budapest, trust in institutions or abstract institutions (law and legal system, market system, political system, banks) is higher than in villages, institutions with more concrete personal contacts is higher in villages than in Budapest. The difference is bigger in the case of church. In Budapest, compared to other settlements, trust is lower in personal contacts, but the differences between settlement categories are lower than the differences of trust between the personal and impersonal contacts. Gender differences according to the settlement categories are also interesting. The highest trust level can be seen in elder age. However, trust of younger adults is higher in Budapest, mainly thanks to the much higher trust level in abstract institutions. Trust of younger adults in personal contacts and health institutions is not higher in Budapest. These are just some of the main finding of our complex results.