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Experiments conducted in the field allay concerns over external validity but are subject to the pitfalls of fieldwork. This article proves that scalable protocols conserve statistical efficiency in the face of problems implementing the treatment regime. Three designs are considered: randomly ordering the application of the treatment; matching subjects into groups prior to assignment; and placebo-controlled experiments. Three examples taken from voter mobilization field experiments demonstrate the utility of the design principles discussed.

"Compiled by editors with hands-on experience in microscopy, teaching, and protocol design and communication, this book provides a practical, bench-side guide to the various methods and applications of the advanced light microscope in the cell biology laboratory. It offers detailed step-by-step instructions written at a level that lets investigators employ even very sophisticated microscopy methods. The result is a resource for seasoned investigators and those new to the use of the microscope alike"--

It is increasingly clear that existing phone security mechanisms are inadequate and that change is necessary. Instead of protecting phone conversations from eavesdropping, the UK government's proposed voice encryption standard appears to be designed to facilitate undetectable mass surveillance.

This article provides a practical example of how to apply a theory-driven approach to research intervention and protocol design. It illustrates how reflection on both intervention theory and programme theory can inform and refine the: implementation of the intervention; research design; specification of research questions and tools; and, identify the contribution each research stage makes in the accumulation of policy-relevant learning. The article presents the logic models, associated theory and learning from the development of a pilot randomized control trial/feasibility study of a walking intervention targeting older adults.

Military service and deployment affect women differently than men, underscoring the need for studies of the health of women veterans and their receipt of health care services. Despite the large numbers of women who served during the 1990–1991 Gulf War, few studies have evaluated Gulf War illness (GWI) and other medical conditions specifically as they affect women veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. The objectives of the Gulf War Women's Health Cohort study are: (1) to establish the Gulf War women's cohort (GWWC), a large sample of women veterans who served in the 1990–1991 Gulf War and a comparison group of women who served in other locations during that period; and (2) to provide current, comprehensive data on the health status of women who served during the 1990–1991 Gulf War, and identify any specific conditions that affect Gulf War women veterans at excess rates. The study will utilize both existing datasets and newly collected data to examine the prevalence and patterns of Gulf War Illness symptoms, diagnosed medical conditions, reproductive health, birth outcomes and other health issues among women who served during the Gulf War. The Gulf War Women's Health Cohort study will address the need for information about the comprehensive health of women veterans who were deployed to the Gulf War, and other wars during the Gulf War era.

Electronic voting (e-voting) systems are used in numerous countries for political elections, but also for less critical elections within clubs and associations, and hence affect the lives of millions of people. It is therefore important to ensure that single voters' choices remain private, and to be able to verify that an election result coincides with the voters' intention. Unfortunately, for most e-voting systems employed in real elections, these fundamental security and privacy properties cannot be guaranteed, so that in particular the legitimacy of such political elections is challenged. This demonstrates the importance of employing e-voting systems that are rootedly designed to guarantee the required security. However, it turned out to be highly challenging to construct secure yet practical e-voting systems since one always has to find a balance between the (possibly conflicting) requirements of the given kind of election. In the first two chapters of the thesis' main part, we present two practical e-voting systems which are both meant for low-risk and non-political elections, e.g., within clubs or associations. We have implemented both systems to demonstrate their practicability. The first system, called sElect, is designed to be as simple as possible while still guaranteeing a good level of security. The second system, called Ordinos, provides a superior level of privacy as it only reveals the most necessary information about the election outcome, e.g., solely the winner's name but nothing else. We will rigorously analyze the security of sElect and Ordinos. To do this, we formally define the required security properties and then mathematically prove that sElect and Ordinos achieve them. In the third chapter of the thesis' main part, we provide substantial work on the fundamental notion of verifiability of e-voting systems. We analyze and compare all formal verifiability definitions from the literature regarding how meaningful, expressive, or general they are.

Swimming goggles are important tools for swimmers ; however, most of the commercialized swimming goggles are designed as one-size-fits-all, which may cause improper fit to a wearer&rsquo ; s facial shape. The present study is intended to review and compare the design characteristics of the existing swimming goggles and the published customization protocols of swimming goggles. The detailed design characteristics of lens, strap, gasket, and nose bridge of 26 commercialized swimming goggles were reviewed, and the dimensions (length, width, and depth) of five swimming goggles are summarized in this paper. Next, the customization protocols of swimming goggles were investigated, which consisted of three major steps: first step involves collecting a wearer&rsquo ; s 2D or 3D facial shape including eye and nasal root areas by using a hand-held scanner, and then using this scanned data to create a 3D contour shape of customized swimming goggles in a computer-aided design (CAD) environment. Second step requires the fabrication of the designed 3D CAD model of the customized swimming goggles by using a 3D printer using transparent and flexible materials. Third step includes conducting validation tests to evaluate the performance of the customized swimming goggles in terms of waterproofness and wearing comfort by comparing with the other existing goggles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that reviews the design characteristics of swimming goggles. The review results presented in this paper are particularly useful to develop not only swimming goggles, but also other types of wearable products such as safety goggles, military goggles, and any sort of sports goggles.

Swimming goggles are important tools for swimmers; however, most of the commercialized swimming goggles are designed as one-size-fits-all, which may cause improper fit to a wearer's facial shape. The present study is intended to review and compare the design characteristics of the existing swimming goggles and the published customization protocols of swimming goggles. The detailed design characteristics of lens, strap, gasket, and nose bridge of 26 commercialized swimming goggles were reviewed, and the dimensions (length, width, and depth) of five swimming goggles are summarized in this paper. Next, the customization protocols of swimming goggles were investigated, which consisted of three major steps: first step involves collecting a wearer's 2D or 3D facial shape including eye and nasal root areas by using a hand-held scanner, and then using this scanned data to create a 3D contour shape of customized swimming goggles in a computer-aided design (CAD) environment. Second step requires the fabrication of the designed 3D CAD model of the customized swimming goggles by using a 3D printer using transparent and flexible materials. Third step includes conducting validation tests to evaluate the performance of the customized swimming goggles in terms of waterproofness and wearing comfort by comparing with the other existing goggles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that reviews the design characteristics of swimming goggles. The review results presented in this paper are particularly useful to develop not only swimming goggles, but also other types of wearable products such as safety goggles, military goggles, and any sort of sports goggles.

Military service and deployment affect women differently than men, underscoring the need for studies of the health of women veterans and their receipt of health care services. Despite the large numbers of women who served during the 1990–1991 Gulf War, few studies have evaluated Gulf War illness (GWI) and other medical conditions specifically as they affect women veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. The objectives of the Gulf War Women's Health Cohort study are: (1) to establish the Gulf War women's cohort (GWWC), a large sample of women veterans who served in the 1990–1991 Gulf War and a comparison group of women who served in other locations during that period; and (2) to provide current, comprehensive data on the health status of women who served during the 1990–1991 Gulf War, and identify any specific conditions that affect Gulf War women veterans at excess rates. The study will utilize both existing datasets and newly collected data to examine the prevalence and patterns of Gulf War Illness symptoms, diagnosed medical conditions, reproductive health, birth outcomes and other health issues among women who served during the Gulf War. The Gulf War Women's Health Cohort study will address the need for information about the comprehensive health of women veterans who were deployed to the Gulf War, and other wars during the Gulf War era.

In military applications mobile adhoc network plays very important role because it is specifically designed network for on demand requirement and in situations where set up of physical network is not possible. This special type of network which takes control in infrastructure less communication handles serious challenges tactfully such as highly robust and dynamic military work stations, devices and smaller sub-networks in the battle field. Therefore there is a high demand of designing efficient routing protocols ensuring security and reliability for successful transmission of highly sensitive and confidential military information in defence networks. With this objective, a power efficient network layer routing protocol in the network for military application is designed and simulated using a new cross layer approach of design to increase reliability and network lifetime up to a greater extent.

<p>In military applications mobile adhoc network plays very important role because it is specifically designed network for on demand requirement and in situations where set up of physical network is not possible. This special type of network which takes control in infrastructure less communication handles serious challenges tactfully such as highly robust and dynamic military work stations, devices and smaller sub-networks in the battle field. Therefore there is a high demand of designing efficient routing protocols ensuring security and reliability for successful transmission of highly sensitive and confidential military information in defence networks. With this objective, a power efficient network layer routing protocol in the network for military application is designed and simulated using a new cross layer approach of design to increase reliability and network lifetime up to a greater extent.</p><p> </p>