Suchergebnisse

A more sustainable use of plant protection products (PPPs) is promoted by European Union governments. Indeed, each country is encouraging the development of complements and alternatives to chemical PPPs in order to reduce their use. From this initiative, PPPs from natural sources are promoted, namely biocontrol products (BPs). These new BPs are complex mixtures or microbial strains that are difficult to monitor in complex environmental matrices. Besides, they present modes of action that are not fully understood. More knowledge is therefore needed to better use and regulate these BPs. Thus, this thesis focuses on (1): the investigation of BPs fate on treated plants through a kinetics study monitoring their residues and (2): the plant response to the treatment; in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in BPs efficacy and how they interact with the plant and the environment. Firstly, a new tool was developed in order to study residues fate. It is based on an innovative approach (Environmental Metabolic Footprinting, EMF) that was optimized during the thesis in order (1): to be adapted to fruit matrix (peach peels) and (2): to target only the xenometabolome (residues fate). Secondly, plant response to two BPs treatments at transcripts and metabolites levels was evaluated. RNA sequencing gave data about the different genes expression following treatments with BPs compared to the untreated controls. These data were completed with metabolic analysis (phytohormones, phenols, and organic acids). Strong hints were found on grapevine defense induction by the treatments, but further investigations are necessary in order to confirm these first results. ; Une utilisation plus durable des produits phytosanitaires (PPPs) est plébiscitée par les gouvernements de l'Union Européenne (UE). Chaque pays de l'UE encourage le développement d'alternatives pour réduire l'utilisation des PPPs chimiques, comme les produits de biocontrôle (BPs) qui sont des PPPs d'origine naturelle. Ces BPs sont des mélanges complexes ...

A more sustainable use of plant protection products (PPPs) is promoted by European Union governments. Indeed, each country is encouraging the development of complements and alternatives to chemical PPPs in order to reduce their use. From this initiative, PPPs from natural sources are promoted, namely biocontrol products (BPs). These new BPs are complex mixtures or microbial strains that are difficult to monitor in complex environmental matrices. Besides, they present modes of action that are not fully understood. More knowledge is therefore needed to better use and regulate these BPs. Thus, this thesis focuses on (1): the investigation of BPs fate on treated plants through a kinetics study monitoring their residues and (2): the plant response to the treatment; in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in BPs efficacy and how they interact with the plant and the environment. Firstly, a new tool was developed in order to study residues fate. It is based on an innovative approach (Environmental Metabolic Footprinting, EMF) that was optimized during the thesis in order (1): to be adapted to fruit matrix (peach peels) and (2): to target only the xenometabolome (residues fate). Secondly, plant response to two BPs treatments at transcripts and metabolites levels was evaluated. RNA sequencing gave data about the different genes expression following treatments with BPs compared to the untreated controls. These data were completed with metabolic analysis (phytohormones, phenols, and organic acids). Strong hints were found on grapevine defense induction by the treatments, but further investigations are necessary in order to confirm these first results. ; Une utilisation plus durable des produits phytosanitaires (PPPs) est plébiscitée par les gouvernements de l'Union Européenne (UE). Chaque pays de l'UE encourage le développement d'alternatives pour réduire l'utilisation des PPPs chimiques, comme les produits de biocontrôle (BPs) qui sont des PPPs d'origine naturelle. Ces BPs sont des mélanges complexes ...

Objective: To identify the knowledge of nursing students on the use of medicinal plants as a complementary therapy to health care. Methods: Qualitative research conducted through semi structured interviews with eight nursing students from a Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in October 2012. In thematic content analysis, three categories emerged: "I learned from my family", "I acknowledge the importance of medicinal plants" and "I use plants at home, but do not recommend its use in the practical field". Results: The knowledge of students regarding the use of medicinal plants is of popular source. Insecurity has been observed amongst undergraduates as to their agency as future professionals orienting in the guidelines regarding the use of medicinal plants, pointing to the need of advances in the nursing education. Conclusion: Highlights the need to review the nursing syllabuses in order to contemplate the subject, as a mean of promoting health and comprehensive care.

1 Introduction -- Virus characteristics -- 2 Symptomatology of Virus-Infected Plants -- External symptoms -- Internal symptoms -- 3 Physiology of Plant Virus Diseases -- Metabolism of virus-infected plants -- Translocation of the virus in the plant -- Interference between viruses -- Latent infections -- Resistance to infection -- 4 Isolation and Purification of Plant Viruses -- Elementary tests -- Purification methods -- 5 Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Virus Particles. Plant Viruses in situ in Plant and Vector -- 6 Chemistry of Plant Viruses -- 7 Infection and Replication. Assembly of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particle. Incomplete Viruses. Satellite Viruses. Viroids -- 8 Transmission by Vectors -- Insecta -- Vectors outside the insecta -- 9 Transmission other than by Vectors -- Mechanical inoculation -- Grafting -- Vegetative propagation -- Seed transmission -- 10 Quantitative Assay. Virus Inhibitors. Virus Strains -- 11 Serology of Plant Viruses -- Preparation of the viruses (antigens) -- The precipitin reaction -- Some results of the application of serological methods -- 12 Tissue- and Cell-culture of Plant Viruses -- Plant tissue-culture -- Modes of infection of tissue-cultures -- Cell-culture -- Protoplast culture of plant-viruses -- 13 Testing for Viruses: Indicator Plants -- 14 Nomenclature and Classification. Control -- 15 Fungal and Algal Viruses -- Fungal viruses -- Algal viruses -- 16 Mycoplasma-like Organisms -- Index of Authors.

Ñuu Savi (`Sacred Rain's collectivity'), the Mixtec people of southern Mexico, had createdsome of the most complex polities in the continent at the time of European contact. Fivehundred years later, they remain cohesive, culturally distinct communities, as increasingnumbers of individuals and families migrate to northern Mexico and the US for work in theagricultural and service sectors. In 2005, the Mexican Federal Government reported there weremore than 446,000 speakers of Tu'un Savi (`Sacred Rain's word,' the Mixtec languages) fiveyears of age and older, 322,000 of them still living in 1551 settlements within their historichomeland; an additional 100,000 to 200,000 are estimated to reside in the US.The term Mixtec, derived from the Náhuatl mixte:cah (`cloud-people'), has been consideredby different authors to encompass between 12 and 52 mutually unintelligible languages, inaddition to numerous dialects. According to the Summer Institute of Linguistics' Ethnologue,it is the second most diversified group of languages in the Americas, after Zapotec. TheInstituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas, however, recognizes 81 variants of Mixtec, makingit the most diversified language group in Mexico following official criteria. The internalvariation of Mixtec and its geographic proximity to three related groups (Cuicatec, Triqui andAmuzgo, members of the same lineage in a progressively earlier sequence of branchingepisodes), provide fertile ground for diachronic inquiry into various lexical and grammaticaltraits of these languages, which are part of the Otomanguean phylum.The Mixtec territory can be portrayed as an intricate mosaic in its geology and vegetation. Itboasts one of the richest floras in Mexico, itself one of the most diverse areas of the planet inbiological terms. Furthermore, the Mixteca (the local name for the region in Spanish) isnotable for a high incidence of endemic species of vascular plants and terrestrial vertebrates,which reflect long series of climatic and ecological changes in the area's natural history. It ispart of a larger region of Otomanguean speech where a characteristic stone-workingtechnology has been documented by archaeologists, in conjunction with the early developmentof plant domestication and agriculture. Natural complexity and cultural history thus convergeto enhance the interest of the Mixtecan languages for ethnobotanical study.This dissertation presents the results of several years of research on the names and uses ofplants in Mixtec communities in the states of Oaxaca, Puebla and Guerrero. Extensive2information is provided on plant terminology, backed in part by herbarium specimenscollected in the field by the author. The Mixtec languages make use of a productive system ofnoun markers, in some cases matched by pronominal clitics, to label various plant categories.Adscription to these groupings appears to be determined by use, edibility and symbolicsignificance, as much as by life form affiliations that reflect adaptive design, such as woodyplants, leafy herbs, vines and grasses. Categories labeled by class terms appear consistently inall the Mixtec languages that have been documented to date. The dissertation reviews thebotanical nomenclature recorded by linguists and naturalists throughout the Mixteca since the16th century.

Medicinal plants and cultural variation across Dominican rural, urban, and transnational landscapes / Andreana L. Ososki, Michael J. Balick, and Douglas C. Daly -- Use of medicinal plants by Dominican immigrants in New York City for the treatment of common health conditions : a comparative analysis with literature data from the Dominican Republic / Ina Vandebroek [and others] -- Between bellyaches and lucky charms : revealing Latinos' plant-healing knowledge and practices in New York City / Anahí Viladrich -- The changing scene of health promotion and disease prevention strategies due to migration of Indians from the Asian subcontinent to the United States / Usha R. Palaniswamy -- Use of traditional herbal remedies by Thai immigrant women in Sweden / Pranee C. Lundberg -- Medicinal plant use by Surinamese immigrants in Amsterdam, the Netherlands : results of a pilot market survey / Tinde van Andel and Charlotte van 't Klooster -- The use of home remedies for health care and well-being by Spanish-speaking Latino immigrants in London : a reflection on acculturation / Melissa Ceuterick [and others] -- Hackney's "ethnic economy" revisited : local food culture, ethnic "purity", and the politico-historical articulation of Kurdish identity / Sarah Keeler -- A strange drug in a strange land / Neil Carrier -- Traditional health care and food and medicinal plant use among historical Albanian migrants and Italians in Lucania, Southern Italy / Cassandra L. Quave and Andrea Pieroni -- Plant knowledge as indicator of historical cultural contacts : tanning in the Atlantic fringe / Ingvar Svanberg -- Procurement of traditional remedies and transmission of medicinal knowledge among Sahrawi people displaced in Southwestern Algerian refugee camps / Gabriele Volpato [and others].

The tremendous increase in migrations and diasporas of human groups in the last decades are not only bringing along challenging issues for society, especially related to the economic and political management of multiculturalism and culturally effective health care, but they are also creating dramatic changes in traditional knowledge, believes and practices (KBP) related to (medicinal) plant use. The contributors to this volume - all internationally recognized scholars in the field of ethnobiology, transcultural pharmacy, and medical anthropology - analyze these dynamics of traditional knowl

A dialectal approach to the study of the names of plants in the west
The great mail and field surveys carried out in the 19th and 20th centuries have revealed the richness of local dialects. The glossary of plants is one of the most varied, productive and complex, and especially, it seems, in the "bocage" of western France. These problems have been illustrated by analysing the names, all very expressive, of intermediary Brize and of Orchis in Normandy and Ile-de-France and by studying a few processes of metaphorical creation in which imagination and the functioning of criteria are at work.