Suchergebnisse

Key message. No temporal change was recorded during summer in fuel availability in Pinus pinaster stands, contrary to predictions from the Forest Fire Weather Index. Also, thinning had no mid-term effect on fuel moisture or canopy structure. Context. Forest fires are a major problem in Mediterranean countries. Management actions, such as fuel reductions, are one of the main tools to diminish fire risk, but the midterm efficacy of such tools remains largely untested with empirical data. Aims. Here, we test for midterm effects of thinning on fuel moisture and crown bulk density in P. pinaster stands and whether temporal variations in fuel moisture correlated with predictions from the Fire Weather Index, a commonly used index on fire risk, and its components. Methods. We compared fuel moisture over a fire season and crown bulk density in nine pairs of thinned/unthinned plots 7 years after treatments were applied. Results. We observed that fuel moisture remained stable during a fire season, as a likely result of drought-induced physiological adjustments, including stomatal regulation and others, which allow leaves to maintain a large humidity even during drought, and that thinning had no midterm effect on fuel moisture or crown bulk density. Moreover, the Fire Weather Index and its components displayed different temporal dynamics than those observed in fuel moisture. Conclusion. These results are important as they indicate that thinning may only have a limited, short-term impact towards diminishing the potential for crown fire spread in these stands and that current indices to evaluate fire risk may require a re-evaluation. ; This study is funded by the Spanish Government (RYC-2012-10970, AGL2015-69151-R, AGL2015-68274-C3-3-R).

Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi induced considerable economic losses in strawberry production industry; therefore, more attention should be paid to development and implementation of preventative treatment that is environmentally friendly. Coniferous trees produce a wide variety of compounds, such as terpenoids and phenolics. Several studies are known on fungicidal activity of different components of coniferous tree bark. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) bark ethanol extracts impact on pathogenous fungi causing diseases of strawberries. Products of processed pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies) bark were tested. During 2011 to 2013, several in vitro experiments were carried out to test the effectiveness of pine and spruce bark extracts against various phytopathogenic fungi isolated from strawberries: Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Phytophthora cactorum and Mycosphaerella fragariae. Radial growth tests showed that coniferous bark extracts inhibit mycelial growth of B. cinerea, C. acutatum, P. cactorum and M. fragariae. Extracts had the highest antifungal effect on B. cinerea two and five days after inoculation (p < 0.05). Bark extracts can reduce the sporulation of B. cinerea, C. acutatum and P. cactorum.

This research was supported by funds from INIA and FEDER cofunding through the projects: RTA 2010-00120-C32-01, RTA 2013-00048-C03-02. MO was supported by the projects M200871201 (Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) and LO1415 (Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic). LV was supported by MEYS CR Re. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0256 and the Spanish Government through the Juan de la Cierva Programme (JCI-2012-12444). MM was funded by the Juan de la Cierva Programme (JCI-2011-08958) (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness).

"Bark, originally published as Écorces by Les Éditions de Minuit in 2011, is a photographic and literary essay by leading French philosopher and art historian Georges Didi-Huberman (winner of the Adorno Prize in 2015), documenting the author's visit to the site of the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in the summer of that year. The book comprises some 10,000 words, as well as 19 photographs taken by Didi-Huberman, which punctuate the text and serve both as signposts to the reader and as focal points for the tension between individual acts of looking and the construction of collective memory. Didi-Huberman refuses to consider Auschwitz as the name and site of some unimaginable, metaphysical absolute; rather, he advocates what he calls an archaeological point of view, attentive to the material details of the site as well as to the phenomenology and history of the images that have emerged from it. Unlike his previous work, however, Bark is less an academic study than a personal and literarily inflected meditation. The three strips of birch bark torn from a tree at the Birkenau site, laid out on a table in the book's opening photograph, appear to the author like 'the beginning of a letter to write.' While by no means an autobiographical text, Bark does lay bare the fact that Didi-Huberman's grandparents died at Auschwitz. The understated poignancy of the text is reinforced by the author's photographs, whose power could be said to lie precisely in their banality, as they make tangible the various features of the present site (walls, floors, fences, even flowers) and invite readers to look more closely in their effort to imagine the reality of the camps"--Provided by publisher

The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Pinus brutia Ten. (Pinaceae) are discussed, and a full description with illustrations is provided.

The distribution, history, taxonomy, ecology, uses and cultivation of Pinus pungens Lamb. (Pinaceae), a native of the eastern United States of America, are discussed, and a full description and illustration are provided.

SummaryPinus amamiana Koidz., an endangered pine from Yakushima and Tanegashima, is illustrated and described. Threats to its survival are discussed.

Analysis of faeces deposited by common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) in native eucalypt [Eucalyptus spp.] forest and pine (Pinus radiata) plantations of various ages in New South Wales, shows that grasses are the dominant food eaten in both forest types regardless of the varying availability of this type of vegetation. Other vegetation, such as rushes, bark, roots and pine needles, are also eaten, particularly in areas where grasses are less common.