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Health forms the basic foundation of the quality of human life, which is an ultimate ingredient towards the productivity and efficiency of an economy. The rapid growth of health expenditure has emerged as an enormous concern for many households and governments globally. This study used timeseries data for the period 1985–2018 in unearthing the drivers of healthcare expenditure in Kenya, with a central focus on the role of health shocks. The study also sought to assess whether structural breaks mattered in a healthcare expenditure model. A public healthcare expenditure model was estimated using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The findings revealed the presence of a long-run relationship between public health expenditure and its determinants in Kenya. Population growth rate and CO2 emissions (proxy to respiratory illnesses) were found to significantly and positively determine public health expenditure in the short run. This impact was insignificant in the long run. Similarly, GDP per capita and the number of HIV/AIDs infections positively and significantly determined public health expenditure in the long run. A key finding of this study highlighted the importance of testing for structural breaks in analyzing a time-series healthcare expenditure model. Previously, this is something that has been largely omitted in the Kenyan healthcare context. The structural break dummy variables significantly determined public health expenditure and, therefore, their incorporation in the model yielded a more accurate forecast with better econometric estimates. The findings will be useful in informing the government's health budgetary allocation as well as the design of appropriate shock mitigation policies. This is paramount for the country in achieving not only Universal Health Coverage but also high-quality medical care to its citizens as envisioned in the 'Big Four Agenda' government priorities.

This paper examines the relatively neglected topic of municipal public health expenditure in the inter-war period, and emphasizes two neglected dimensions: the political and the geographical. After justifying the importance of the topic and the approach and giving some details of municipal public health provision, a quantitative analysis of expenditure in the urban county boroughs is presented. In general, the analysis tends to argue against conventional wisdom in stressing the political dimension instead of the economic dimension in explaining the pattern of expenditure, giving a positive answer to the question posed in the title.

One of the limitations of cross-country health expenditure analysis refers to the fact that the financing, the internal organization and political restraints of health care decision-making are country-specific and heterogeneous. Yet, a potential solution is to examine the influence of such effects in those countries that have undertaken decentralization processes. In such a setting, it is possible to examine potential expenditure spillovers across the geography of a country as well as the influence of the political ideology of regional incumbents on public health expenditure. This paper examines the determinants of public health expenditure within Spanish region-states (Autonomous Communities, ACs), most of them subject to similar financing structures although exhibiting significant heterogeneity as a result of the increasing decentralization, region-specific political factors along with different use of health care inputs, economic dimension and spatial interactions ; - Una de les limitacions de l'anàlisi de la despesa sanitària entre diferents països és el fet que el finançament, l'organització interna i les restriccions de decisió politíques són específiques de cada país. Una forma de solucionar el problema consisteix en limitar l'anàlisi a un país que hagi descentralitzat l'organització del sistema sanitari. En aquest cas també és possible examinar l'existència d'externalitats de despesa sanitària derivades d'interaccions estratègiques, així com la influència de la ideologia sobre la despesa sanitària pública. Aquest article examina els determinants de la despesa sanitària a les comunitats autònomes (CCAA) de l'Estat Espanyol, les quals presenten una certa heterogeneïtat derivada dels diferents graus de descentralizació, dels efectes polítics específics, així com diferències en la utilització de serveis, dimensió econòmica i interaccions espacials.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authors of this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component of human capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure. It is known that there are other factors affecting health and human capital in general. Hence variables such as GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate were added in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effect is identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggest that higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authorsof this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component ofhuman capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure.It is known thatthere are otherfactors affecting health and human capital in general. Hencevariablessuchas GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate wereadded in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effectis identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggestthat higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authorsof this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component ofhuman capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure.It is known thatthere are otherfactors affecting health and human capital in general. Hencevariablessuchas GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate wereadded in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effectis identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggestthat higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authorsof this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component ofhuman capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure.It is known thatthere are otherfactors affecting health and human capital in general. Hencevariablessuchas GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate wereadded in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effectis identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggestthat higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

The analysis of the concept of human capital shows that this form of capital includes a set of different components that are used in economic activities and generates different kind of benefits. Health is one of the main components of human capital. Hence, considering its importance authorsof this article tried to investigate the impact of public health expenditure on the health component ofhuman capital. Ordinary least square, fixed and random effects panel data models for 28 European Union countries were used to reach this purpose. The main variables used in this study is life expectancy at birth (related to the health component of human capital) and general government health expenditure.It is known thatthere are otherfactors affecting health and human capital in general. Hencevariablessuchas GDP grow, GINI coefficient, education level, alcohol consumption, old age dependency and urbanization rate wereadded in the models as explanatory variables. The results of the performed study show that public health expenditure has a positive and significant impact on the improvements of life expectancy. Selected fixed-effects panel data models also show significant and positive effects of the GDP growth, old age dependency while a negative effectis identified by alcohol consumption. The existing close relationship between health and education also is confirmed by this study. Results suggestthat higher education level is positively and significantly related to life expectancy while a lower education has a negative impact on life expectancy.

Attempts to account for the pattern and progress of mortality decline
in
England and Wales in the nineteenth century have produced a literature
in which something of a general accord exists over key factors involved.
Historians acknowledge the influence of two broad trends of change:
environmental improvements as a result of sanitary reform initiatives and
nutritional improvements as a consequence of a rise in the general
standard of living. Where discord has arisen is in the degree of attachment
of individual historians to one or other of these trends as primary
contributor. The study of mortality decline, which was the product of a
complex amalgam of factors, has proved a complicated task. It is one
whose outcome ultimately depends upon efforts to disaggregate and
measure the influences of different factors involved. To date, attempts
at
the systematic measurement of certain key factors associated with
mortality decline have lagged considerably behind acceptance of the
importance of their measurement. An important omission has been a
measure of the timing and dimensions of sanitary reform programmes
which, via infrastructure development and environmental controls, had
the potential to decrease the rate at which infectious diseases were
transmitted. This article examines the trends which emerge from a
quantification of local government expenditures on sanitary infrastructure
and from attention to its phasing over time. We are concerned with two
main issues: to what extent do public health expenditure data describe
the
public health effort, and how do trends in public health expenditure relate
to the decline of mortality? Our subject is local authority sanitary reform
as a factor in mortality decline and our focus is on the impact of the
timing
of public health expenditure rather than the reasons for that timing. We
do not examine inter-relationships between sanitary reform and other
factors contributing to mortality decline such as income levels and density
factors. A call for a more comprehensive study of the sanitary
undertakings of local government has been common amongst historians
of nineteenth-century mortality decline. It has been acknowledged on
both sides of the 'nutrition versus sanitation' debate that
a probable
causal relationship exists between sanitary reforms and declining mortality
levels. What has been lacking is a study of sufficient scale and detail
to
enable comprehensive evaluation.

AbstractIn this article, we empirically analyze the impact of central and subnational government spending on human development in a sample of 57 developed and developing countries over the period 2000–18. Specifically, we focus on the effects of health and education public expenditure on the Human Development Index (HDI) and its dimensions (life expectancy, education, and income). Applying data panel analysis, our empirical evidence shows the importance of central and subnational government health expenditure positively impacting on HDI and each of its components, while in the case of the education expenditure, this positive effect is only confirmed on the educational dimension of HDI. Our study shows how governments can stimulate human development, improving the well‐being of citizens, by allocating more resources to healthcare through the different administrative levels.

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSIC ; Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII) of Uruguay (POS_EXT_2018_1_153809) ; In this article, we empirically analyze the impact of central and subnational government spending on human development in a sample of 57 developed and developing countries over the period 2000-18. Specifically, we focus on the effects of health and education public expenditure on the Human Development Index (HDI) and its dimensions (life expectancy, education, and income). Applying data panel analysis, our empirical evidence shows the importance of central and subnational government health expenditure positively impacting on HDI and each of its components, while in the case of the education expenditure, this positive effect is only confirmed on the educational dimension of HDI. Our study shows how governments can stimulate human development, improving the well-being of citizens, by allocating more resources to healthcare through the different administrative levels.

This Public Expenditure Review updates previous assessments of the levels and efficiency of health financing in Tajikistan and its consequences for healthcare access and health of the Tajik population. Funding for the public healthcare system which provides almost all healthcare remains far short of levels required to provide a universal basic benefit package. As a result, household out-of-pocket payments account for most healthcare spending in the country, and Tajiks frequently forgo needed care for financial reasons. The underfunding of public healthcare in part results from an overall lack of public revenues. It is, however, exacerbated by the health sector enjoying limited priority, with a health share in total government spending far below internationally recognized targets. Inefficiencies in the spending of the limited public funds further undermine the system's ability to provide the population with basic healthcare of appropriate quality. Despite efforts in the past two decades to introduce elements of strategic purchasing and direct a higher share of funding towards primary care, public health financing in Tajikistan still largely follows the centrally planned, hospital-focused, and mainly input-financed Semashko model. The result are substantial regional inequalities in per capita government health spending which reflect differences in health facility and health worker densities rather than healthcare need, a continued overemphasis on hospital and specialist care, and an inability of facility managers to take efficiency-oriented staffing decisions. Key recommendation to address these shortcoming are that a substantially higher share of public revenues be allocated to the health sector, that an independent, single payer organization, a fully-fledged capitation mechanism for primary care and elements of strategic purchasing for inpatient care be gradually introduced, and that current benefit packages are revised and extended to achieve more rational and equitable healthcare utilization. Broad consensus building among stakeholders will be essential for the success of such reforms.