Contextual factors have been consistently argued as influencing the usefulness of planning support systems (PSS). Whereas previous studies were mostly conducted within a single planning project or based on experimental workshops, the present study looked at the application of PSS in smart city projects worldwide, and investigated the extent to which subjectively measured contextual factors contribute to PSS usefulness in smart cities. Based on a recent international questionnaire (268 respondents) designed to gather the perceptions of scholars and practitioners in the smart city realm, an ordinal regression model was fitted to assess the associations between the argued contextual factors and PSS usefulness. The results show that, in general, four contextual factors—namely the characteristics of the technology itself, user characteristics, characteristics of the planning process, and political context—have a significant influence on the usefulness of PSS, and that their impacts vary significantly. This paper emphasizes that only when PSS users can identify the critical contextual factors that are favorable and unfavorable, will the potential benefits of PSS for spatial planning be fully achieved.
To save time and cost in development process of new customized product-service systems, engineers need methodological guidelines and generic knowledge that help constructing specific solutions for new customers' requirements and business opportunities. Despite the specific character of every PSS due to several customization issues, many characteristics are shared between PSS from the same product and/or service family. This paper proposes a knowledge-based methodology to support the PSS design process, extending the concepts of pattern and instance as main knowledge fragments. The main idea is to encapsulate in the pattern a conceptual definition of a collection of potential verified solutions, able to achieve a product-service with certain performance value with regard to a set of working conditions. These solutions are then filtered and refined by means of the PSS instance when answering one specific PSS demand. ; The presented results were conducted within the project "ICP4Life" entitled "An Integrated Collaborative Platform for Managing the Product-Service Engineering Lifecycle". This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.
Tesis (Maestría en Ciencia de Materiales) ; "Desde el descubrimiento de los polımeros organicos conductores, en 1977, el desarrollo de dispositivos electronicos basados en este tipo de polımeros han sido de gran interes.El origen de este interes se basa en las propiedades inherentes de estos materiales, como su ligereza, flexibilidad mecanica, facilidad de procesado, ası como sus propiedades opto electricas. Debido al creciente desarrollo en la industrıa para la utilizacion de polımeros convencionales, el potencial de la utilizacion de polımeros organicos conductores a escala industrial es inimaginable. Entre los polımeros conductores mas sobresalientes, se encuentra el derivado del politiofeno poli(3,4-etilendioxitiofeno) (PEDOT). Las conductividades del PEDOT, por si solo, pueden alcanzar valores de hasta 600 S cm−1, es altamente transparente, electroquıcamente y termicamente estable. Sin embargo, el PEDOT tiene la gran desventaja de ser insoluble y, por lo tanto, es poco procesable. Esta desventaja pudo ser superada por medio de la utilizacion de poli(estiren sulfonato) (PSS), un polielectrolito soluble que hace la funci´on de dopante y dispersante. Como resultado se obtiene un complejo polimerico altamente procesable y con muy buenas propiedades fısicas y de formación de pelıcula, pero con una conductividad muy pobre (1-10 S cm−1). Posteriores avances en este campo nos llevan a la utilizacion de diferentes tipos de aditivos, o dopantes secundarios, para el incremento o manipulacion de la conductividad en pelıcula del sistema PEDOT/PSS. Sin embargo, a un existe controversia en la literatura acerca del mecanismo bajo el cual actuan estos dopantes secundarios, debido a la complejidad propia del sistema. Aunado a esto, no se ha hecho una adecuada clasificacion ni delimitacion de las condiciones bajo las cuales, estos aditivos pueden funcionar eficientemente. " ; "Since the discovery of organic conductive polymers in 1977, their development applied to electronic devices has gained increasing attention due to the their light-weight, mechanical flexibility, and simple of processing as well as their optoelectronic properties. An advantage of these polymers is that their optoelectronic properties can be modified by designing the chemical function on the molecules, the alignment of polymers chains, and doping conditions. Not to mention, that all the development already made for the conventional polymer industry could be adapted on applications and processing of this new materials. Over the years, several promising polymer types have emerged. A breakthrough in this area was the synthesis of one polythiophene, the poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT). The conductivities of PEDOT, by itself, can reach up to 600 S cm−1, its highly transparent and its electrochemically and thermally stable. Nevertheless, PEDOT has the huge flaw of being water insoluble, and as a consequence, it is not easy to process. Thisdrawback could be overcame by polymerizing it in combination with a water soluble and stable polyelectrolyte, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). Thus, the PSS in the polymeric complex has two functions, to serve as a charge-balancing counterion of the PEDOT, and to disperse the PEDOT oligomers in the water. As a result, we have a polymeric system highly processable and with highly desirable mechanical and film properties, but with a really poor conductivity (1-10 S cm−1). Early progress in this field have shown that the conductivity of PEDOT/PSS can be considerably increased or manipulated with the addition of liquid solvents, or secondary dopants. Nevertheless, there is still controversy in the literature regarding the responsible mechanism for the conductivity enhancement due to the inherent complexity of this system. In addition, despite the large number of related publications, there is neither a proper classification of the mentioned additives nor the optimization of their usage."
"Desde el descubrimiento de los polımeros organicos conductores, en 1977, el desarrollo de dispositivos electronicos basados en este tipo de polımeros han sido de gran interes.El origen de este interes se basa en las propiedades inherentes de estos materiales, como su ligereza, flexibilidad mecanica, facilidad de procesado, ası como sus propiedades opto electricas. Debido al creciente desarrollo en la industrıa para la utilizacion de polımeros convencionales, el potencial de la utilizacion de polımeros organicos conductores a escala industrial es inimaginable. Entre los polımeros conductores mas sobresalientes, se encuentra el derivado del politiofeno poli(3,4-etilendioxitiofeno) (PEDOT). Las conductividades del PEDOT, por si solo, pueden alcanzar valores de hasta 600 S cm−1, es altamente transparente, electroquıcamente y termicamente estable. Sin embargo, el PEDOT tiene la gran desventaja de ser insoluble y, por lo tanto, es poco procesable. Esta desventaja pudo ser superada por medio de la utilizacion de poli(estiren sulfonato) (PSS), un polielectrolito soluble que hace la funci´on de dopante y dispersante. Como resultado se obtiene un complejo polimerico altamente procesable y con muy buenas propiedades fısicas y de formación de pelıcula, pero con una conductividad muy pobre (1-10 S cm−1). Posteriores avances en este campo nos llevan a la utilizacion de diferentes tipos de aditivos, o dopantes secundarios, para el incremento o manipulacion de la conductividad en pelıcula del sistema PEDOT/PSS. Sin embargo, a un existe controversia en la literatura acerca del mecanismo bajo el cual actuan estos dopantes secundarios, debido a la complejidad propia del sistema. Aunado a esto, no se ha hecho una adecuada clasificacion ni delimitacion de las condiciones bajo las cuales, estos aditivos pueden funcionar eficientemente. " ; "Since the discovery of organic conductive polymers in 1977, their development applied to electronic devices has gained increasing attention due to the their light-weight, mechanical flexibility, and simple of processing as well as their optoelectronic properties. An advantage of these polymers is that their optoelectronic properties can be modified by designing the chemical function on the molecules, the alignment of polymers chains, and doping conditions. Not to mention, that all the development already made for the conventional polymer industry could be adapted on applications and processing of this new materials. Over the years, several promising polymer types have emerged. A breakthrough in this area was the synthesis of one polythiophene, the poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT). The conductivities of PEDOT, by itself, can reach up to 600 S cm−1, its highly transparent and its electrochemically and thermally stable. Nevertheless, PEDOT has the huge flaw of being water insoluble, and as a consequence, it is not easy to process. Thisdrawback could be overcame by polymerizing it in combination with a water soluble and stable polyelectrolyte, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). Thus, the PSS in the polymeric complex has two functions, to serve as a charge-balancing counterion of the PEDOT, and to disperse the PEDOT oligomers in the water. As a result, we have a polymeric system highly processable and with highly desirable mechanical and film properties, but with a really poor conductivity (1-10 S cm−1). Early progress in this field have shown that the conductivity of PEDOT/PSS can be considerably increased or manipulated with the addition of liquid solvents, or secondary dopants. Nevertheless, there is still controversy in the literature regarding the responsible mechanism for the conductivity enhancement due to the inherent complexity of this system. In addition, despite the large number of related publications, there is neither a proper classification of the mentioned additives nor the optimization of their usage."
Insights about the interplay between business models of an enterprise and policies by governments in a circular economy (CE) context are limited. To fill the gap, this paper aims to analyse and learn from the interplays reported in the literature beyond the CE context. It focuses on product/service system (PSS) business models, and uses a systematic literature review. Six types of policies and nine components of a PSS business model are introduced in the analysis. Results show that frequently observed types of interplays are regulatory policies versus value proposition, revenue model, and cost model; economic policies versus revenue model and cost model. On the other hand, rarely reported types are the interplays with three types of polices co-regulation, information-based, and agreement-based policies. Future research includes broadening the scope in order to get a more complete picture as well as relating the proposed approach to the current EU context.
The electrical system's problem stabilizes the electrical system with three primary parameters: rotor angle stability, frequency stability, and voltage stability. This paper focuses on the problem of designing a low-order stable optimal controller for the generator rotor angle (load angle) stabilization system with minor disturbances. These minor disturbances are caused by lack of damping torque, change in load, or change in a generator during operation. Using the RH∞optimal robust design method for the Power System Stabilizer (PSS) to stabilize the generator's load angle will help the PSS system work sustainably under disturbance. However, this technique's disadvantage is that the controller often has a high order, causing many difficulties in practical application. To overcome this disadvantage, we propose to reduce the order of the higher-order optimal robust controller. There are two solutions to reduce order for high-order optimal robust controller: optimal order reduction according to the given controller structure and order reduction according to model order reduction algorithms. This study selects the order reduction of the controller according to the model order reduction algorithms. In order to choose the most suitable low-order optimal robust controller that can replace the high-order optimal robust controller, we have compared and evaluated the order-reducing controllers according to many model order reduction algorithms. Using robust low-order controllers to control the generator's rotor angle completely meets the stabilization requirements. The research results of the paper show the correctness of the controller order reduction solution according to the model order reduction algorithms and open the possibility of application in practice. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01299 Full Text: PDF
