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The scholarship on hierarchy held the promise of exposing conditions of systemic inequality in world politics. However, a significant strand of it approached the international order from above, privileging the perspective of dominant actors. I make the case for a from-below approach to hierarchical orders, recognising and accounting for understudied experiences in world politics, but also developing a more accurate understanding of hierarchy. Through a relational-sociological approach, I conceptualise hierarchy as a socially differentiated system predicated on recognition. The experience of misrecognition by way of normative and material constraints constitutes actors as subordinates. I propose a framework for subordinate actors' navigation of hierarchy in quest of social recognition. I identify three strategies that subordinates employ, depending on the misrecognising constraints they counter (normative/material) and the recognition they seek (internal/external). Subordinates may engage in norm appropriation, alternative leveraging, and salvation from victimhood. I demonstrate the applicability of the framework by examining Egypt's quest for recognition in the aftermath of the 2013 military coup.

The scholarship on hierarchy held the promise of exposing conditions of systemic inequality in world politics. However, a significant strand of it approached the international order from above, privileging the perspective of dominant actors. I make the case for a from-below approach to hierarchical orders, recognising and accounting for understudied experiences in world politics, but also developing a more accurate understanding of hierarchy. Through a relational-sociological approach, I conceptualise hierarchy as a socially differentiated system predicated on recognition. The experience of misrecognition by way of normative and material constraints constitutes actors as subordinates. I propose a framework for subordinate actors' navigation of hierarchy in quest of social recognition. I identify three strategies that subordinates employ, depending on the misrecognising constraints they counter (normative/material) and the recognition they seek (internal/external). Subordinates may engage in norm appropriation, alternative leveraging, and salvation from victimhood. I demonstrate the applicability of the framework by examining Egypt's quest for recognition in the aftermath of the 2013 military coup.

This essay explores a creative argument that Cicero offers to answer a fundamental question: how are we to judge among different ways of life? Is there a natural hierarchy of human types? In response to this problem, Cicero gives an account of a person's possessing two natures. All of us participate in a general human nature, the characteristics of which provide us with certain universal duties and a natural moral hierarchy. But, we also each possess an individual nature, qualities that make us unique and which we have an obligation to cultivate. By employing different concepts of natura to refer either to common human nature or to particular individual nature, Cicero establishes a basis for a normative standard that manages to affirm the superiority of certain especially valuable types of life, such as the philosopher and the statesman. At the same time, he advances a coherent account of individuality that places high value on natural human diversity.

With the adoption of the Race Equality Directive (2000/43/EC), the Framework Directive (2000/78/EC) and the Gender Directive on goods and services (2004/113/EC), the landscape of EU non-discrimination law has changed dramatically. From a medium to advance market integration, non-discrimination has evolved toward a genuine fundamental right of equality. However, the Court of Justice's efforts to give substance to this general principle of equal treatment have met political backlash. At the same time, while advancing the principle of equal treatment, the reforms have also instilled hierarchy within equality. More than sixteen years after the first comprehensive reforms, in a climate of political mistrust towards the EU, it is unlikely that new legislation will level off the ground. Today, how has the interplay of market-based and fundamental-rights-based rationales transformed the advancement of the principle of non-discrimination in Europe? This paper first examines the shift operated in the EU transformative equality enterprise, from a legislative and adjudicative focus towards a focus on enforcement, as a response to pushback. Second, the paper argues that the interplay between an instrumental market-based and an imperative rights-based understanding of equality, underlying this pushback, has transformed non-discrimination into a hybrid but effective principle. The third section, however, puts forward that the existence and effectiveness of this principle of non-discrimination is threatened by several lines of hierarchy within the European equality monument.

In the approach and substantiating the hierarchy of the system of normative acts and the principle of the supremacy of the Constitution, we started from the idea that the relationship of legal norms, which gives substance to any system of law, must be characterized by unity, functionality and, last but not least, by hierarchy.
My study is mainly about the Romanian law system, but it also includes some generality observations, applicable to all national law systems.

AbstractOne of the concerns that has plagued research on the biological and genetic underpinnings of social behaviors and individual differences is the fear that such information can be used for ill. This fear rests on a foundation of good reason. Early abuses involving the use of selective phrenology and other purportedly "scientific" methods to establish moral hierarchies among races or between sexes have exerted profound and lasting damage on society, as well as affecting later attempts to more productively examine the biological bases of individual difference. And yet, many policies that have focused exclusively on social factors have created equal pain and suffering, although these approaches have rarely fostered as much discussion. However, despite these negative outcomes, biological research can also attack diseases, alleviate suffering, and dispel social myths that wrongfully assign blame to the victim or otherwise oversimplify behavior. Here, we argue for a similar positive valuation of such an approach in political and social research. We concentrate not on the ethics of conducting this research, but rather the ethical need for this research to be conducted.

This article explores the capacity of the concept of multi-level governance to respond to the analytical, empirical & normative challenges posed to political science by EU decision-making processes & structures. After exploring the relationship between governance & multi-level governance (MLG), the article tackles the question of the empirical fruitfulness of this latter concept. It argues that the concept is best understood as describing those decision-making processes in which territorial jurisdictions with different competencies end up collaborating on a par, thus upsetting & recasting traditional territorial hierarchies. It also discusses whether MLG, by involving different groups of citizens & fostering the diffusion of shared norms & convictions, contributes to more legitimate decision-making. The conclusions, on all counts, are somewhat mixed. Although MLG appears to describe effectively a new class of phenomena & to suggest intereasing novel hypotheses as to the transformation of the structures of democratic rule, it has not yet succeeded in generating new testable propositions nor in suggesting new convincing criteria of legitimacy. References. Adapted from the source document.

The processes of supranational integration have developed a series of legal and political constructions. In them the determination of States are always in a permanent weakening of its constituent elements. The Andean Community is the process of integration of the Latin American countries: Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. In this process of supranational integration political power has new particularisms that must be analyzed and provided solutions so that these do not obstruct the processes of regional integration. Indeed, in supranational processes, the issue of constitutional guarantees regarding the democratic legitimacy of the incorporation of the State into a supranational community organization is under discussion; The rights, freedoms and guarantees of citizens as limits to the public power of integration; And infringement of the guarantee of reservation of law as soon as there is an introduction of Community legislation in the domestic legal order of the Member States of the supranational organization and at the same time the development of thematic by the supranational legislation whose regulation could be reserved exclusively to the legislator of the member country. Thus, this article raises the need to question and find solutions in terms of normative hierarchy and the introduction of derived legislation produced in the supranational community organization to the national legal order of a State as one of the constitutional problems of integration. ; Los procesos de integración supranacional han desarrollado una serie de construcciones jurídicas y políticas propias. En ellas la determinación de los Estados siempre se encuentran en un permanente debilitamiento de sus elementos constitutivos. La Comunidad Andina es el proceso de integración de los países Latinoamericanos: Ecuador, Colombia, Perú y Bolivia. En este proceso de integración supranacional el poder político tiene nuevos particularismos que deben ser analizados y dotados de soluciones a fin de que éstos no supongan una obstrucción a los procesos de integración regional. En efecto, en los procesos supranacionales entra en discusión la afección a las garantías constitucionales, respecto de la legitimidad democrática en la incorporación del Estado a una organización supranacional comunitaria; lo relativo a derechos, libertades y garantías de los ciudadanos como límites al poder público de la integración; y la vulneración de la garantía de reserva de ley en cuanto se produce una introducción de la normativa comunitaria en el ordenamiento jurídico interno de los Estados miembro de la organización supranacional comunitaria, y a la par el desarrollo de temáticas por la normativa supranacional cuya regulación podría estar reservada exclusivamente al legislador del país miembro. Así, este artículo se plantea la necesidad de cuestionarse y encontrar soluciones en materia de jerarquía normativa y la introducción de la normativa derivada producida en la organización supranacional comunitaria al ordenamiento jurídico nacional de un Estado como uno de los problemas constitucionales de la integración.

What is hierarchy and why does it matter? -- Hierarchy in society at large -- Normative perspectives on hierarchy -- Perspectives on hierarchy in the human and social sciences -- Hierarchy in organizations -- The persistence of organizational hierarchy -- The downside of organizational hierarchy -- The case for reform -- Hierarchy and the contemporary crisis -- Reforming hierarchy -- Index.