Suchergebnisse

THE "HISTORIKERSTREIT," OR HISTORIANS' CONTROVERSY, THAT ERUPTED IN 1986 WAS AN INTELLECTUAL EVENT UNPRECEDENTED IN POSTWAR WEST GERMANY. IT WAS AT ONCE A CONFLICT OVER THE MEANING OF THE NAZI PAST, HISTORICAL METHOD, GENERAL PERCEPTIONS, THE USES OF ANTI-COMMUNISM, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF A POST-AUSCHWITZ GERMAN NATIONAL IDENTITY.

HEIDEGGER'S POLITICS HAVE COME ONCE AGAIN UNDER SCRUTINY. HIS PHILOSOPHICAL ACHIEVEMENTS STAND ALWAYS IN THE SHADOW OF HIS ENTHUSIASTIC INVOLVEMENT WITH THE NAZI PARTY IN THE 1930S. THIS ESSAY CONTRIBUTES TO THE DISCUSSION OF HEIDEGGER'S POLITICS AND THE POLITICS OF HEIDEGGER'S PHILOSOPHY WITHOUT TAKING IT UP DIRECTLY. IT FOCUSES ON WHAT MIGHT BE CALLED THE "ETHICAL" BACKGROUND FOR HIS POLITICAL THOUGHT, NAMELY, THE TREATMENT OF FRIENDSHIP, WHOSE RELEVANCE TO HEIDEGGER'S VIEW OF POLITICS IN THE 1930S. THE FIRST TWO PARTS OF THE ESSAY DISCUSS THE DIFFICULTIES THAT BESET ANY DISCUSSION OF THE "ETHICS" AND "POLITICS" OF HEIDEGGER'S THOUGHT. THE THIRD PART EXAMINES THE THEME OF FRIENDSHIP AND HUMAN RELATIONSHIP IN HIS LECTURES AND PUBLICATIONS THROUGH 1930; IN THE CONCLUDING PART, THE RELIGIOUS AND MONSTROUS CHARACTER OF HEIDEGGER'S POLITICAL THOUGHT IS DISCUSSED.

THE RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS IN NAZI-OCCUPIED EUROPE 1939-1945 ARE NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF UNDERGROUND VIOLENCE WITH THEIR OWN SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS. THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE DANISH RESISTANCE MOVEMENT AND THE COUNTERMEASURES APPLIED BY THE DANISH AUTHORITIES AND THE GERMAN OCCUPIERS TO THE RESISTANCE ACTIVITIES. A CONSPICUOUS FEATURE OF THE RESISTANCE IN DENMARK IS ITS ATTEMPT TO RESTRAIN THE USE OF VIOLENCE AND TO CONDUCT THE STRUGGLE IN A MANNER ACCEPTABLE TO DANISH POLITICAL CULTURE. IN THAT RESPECT, THE RESISTANCE, WHICH STILL STANDS AS THE ONLY SIGNIFICANT EXAMPLE OF POLITICALLY MOTIVATED VIOLENCE IN MODERN DANISH HISTORY, DID NOT ONLY MARK A BREAK WITH, BUT IN ESSENTIAL ASPECTS WAS ALSO A CONTINUATION OF A PEACEFUL POLITICAL TRADITION.

THIS STUDY EXAMINES THE EMERGENCE OF A NEO-NAZI TERRORIST MOVEMENT IN SWEDEN, FOCUSING ON THE LARGEST GROUP, VITT ARISKT MOTSTAND (WHITE ARYAN RESISTANCE). VAM IS INSPIRED BY TRADITIONAL NATIONAL SOCIALISM, THE MILITANT WING OF THE SKINHEAD MOVEMENT, SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID IDEOLOGY AND, ESPECIALLY, US RACIST GROUPS LIKE "THE ORDER". NOTIONS OF THE "ZIONIST OCCUPATION GOVERNMENT" (ZOG) AND THE COMING "RACIAL WAR" ARE CENTRAL IN VAM'S WORLDVIEW. THE ADAPTATION OF THIS EXTREME REVOLUTIONARY IDEOLOGY RADICALIZED THE GROUP TOWARDS TERRORISM. THE QUEST FOR STATUS AND PRESTIGE WITHIN THE GROUP AND VIS-A-VIS OTHER GROUPS HAS ALSO BEEN AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THIS RADICALIZATION PROCESS.

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE EXTRAORDINARY WAVE OF RACIST AGITATION AGAINST FOREIGN IMMIGRANTS THAT HAS EMERGED IN GERMANY, CREATING DILEMMAS FOR BONN'S POLICY MAKERS. THE CRISIS REVEALS THAT GERMANY CANNOT YET CONGRATULATE ITSELF ON HAVING FINALLY SETTLED ACCOUNTS WITH NAZISM. LIKE OTHER WESTERN DEMOCRATICES, GERMANY NOW FINDS ITS PRECARIOUS TRADITIONS OF CIVIC TOLERANCE THREATENED BY WELFARE CHAUVINISM AND A KEEN SENSE THAT THE WRETCHED OF THE EARTH MENACE THE PRIVILEGES OF THE METROPOLIS. NEVERTHELESS, THERE IS EVIDENCE OF REBORN DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF GERMAN CITIZENS WHO HAVE TAKEN TO THE STREETS TO PROTEST THE WAVE OF RACIAL ATTACKS.

THE APPLICATION OF POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY TO LEGITIMIZE IMPERIALISTIC WORLD POWER POLICY IN THE SECOND REICH, AND GEOPOLITICS AS A PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION FOR THE POLICY OF LEBENSRAUM DURING THE THIRD REICH HAS LED TO A GENERAL NEGLECT OF POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY STUDY IN GERMANY SINCE. THERE IS NOW THE QUESTION OF THE RELATION OF PRESENT GEOGRAPHY TO THIS PAST, OR HOW THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF TODAY HAS BEEN INFLUENCED BY ITS HISTORICAL FUNCTION. AFTER A REVIEW OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY, A FEW NEW FRAMEWORKS WHICH INDICATE THAT THERE HAS BEEN NO CRITICAL REFLECTION ON THE PAST ARE STUDIED.