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Multiscale analysis has become an attractive technique to predict the behaviour of materials whose microstructure strongly changes spatially or among samples, with that microstructure controlling the local constitutive behaviour. This is the case, for example, of most biological tissues—such as bone. Multiscale approaches not only allow, not only to better characterise the local behaviour, but also to predict the field-variable distributions (e.g., strains, stresses) at both scales (macro and micro) simultaneously. However, multiscale analysis usually lacks su cient experimental feedback to demonstrate its validity. In this paper an experimental and numerical micromechanics analysis is developed with application to cortical bone. Displacement and strain fields are obtained across the microstructure by means of digital image correlation (DIC). The other mechanical variables are computed following the micromechanics theory. Special emphasis is given to the di erences found in the di erent field variables between the micro- and macro-structures, which points out the need for this multiscale approach in cortical bone tissue. The obtained results are used to establish the basis of a multiscale methodology with application to the analysis of bone tissue mechanics at di erent spatial scales. ; The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad] of the Government of Spain (DPI2014-58233-P, DPI2017-82501-P, PGC2018-097257-B-C31) for research funding.

Este trabajo presenta de forma reflexiva la utilidad de incorporar los enfoques multiescalares y prospectivos en la planificación territorial, en especial para las infraestructuras de transporte. Estas resultan imprescindibles para el desarrollo de los territorios, y por lo tanto sus efectos deben ser valorados más allá de los ámbitos y escalas de su planificación y gestión. Al mismo tiempo, son sensibles a los periodos sociopolíticos y económicos, debido a su elevado coste y tiempo de diseño, construcción y servicio.Como conclusión principal, se expone la necesidad y pertinencia de incorporar, de forma efectiva, ambos enfoques en la planificación de las infraestructuras de transporte, con la inclusión de escenarios y alternativas que refuercen la planificación ante variaciones y transformaciones sociales, políticas, económicas o espaciales. ; This work presents in a reflective focus the usefulness of incorporating multiscale and prospective approaches in territorial planning, especially for transport infrastructures. These are essential for the development of the territories, and therefore their effects must be assessed beyond the scopes and scales of their planning and management. Simultaneously, infrastructures are sensitive to socio-political and economic periods due to the high costs and prolonged period of design, construction and service.The main outcome of the work outlines the need and relevance of effectively incorporating both approaches in transport infrastructure planning, including scenarios and alternatives that reinforce planning in the face of social, political, economic or spatial changes.

In the Hellenic subduction zone, the lithospheric slab may comprise continental and oceanic units juxtaposed downdip and along strike. For stations along eastern Peloponnesus, teleseismic P-wave receiver-function (RF) processing in the standard frequency band produces an image of a low-velocity layer (LVL) at the top of the slab apparently twice thicker than for an oceanic crust. To assess if this could come from a lack of resolution of the standard processing, we develop a multiscale approach with the RFs based on the wavelet-response of the medium, akin to the wavelet-transform of the velocity-depth function. The synthetic response in conversion is obtained for a multiscale singularity formed by two opposite velocity-steps at the boundaries of a crust embedded in mantle material. This indicates that only wavelet periods shorter than about 0.8 s will allow to identify clearly a 7 km thin oceanic crust. Going to longer periods leads to underestimate or overestimate the time-thickness of the LVL, due to interference phenomena. The analysis of the response in conversion from full waveform synthetic seismograms in a dipping slab model validates a multiresolution approach to real observations. With earthquakes of broad-enough spectrum towards high frequencies, yielding energy to provide wavelet periods significantly shorter than 1 s, the P-to-S conversions obtained allow us to resolve for the first time a standard oceanic crust at the slab top beneath the eastern coast of Peloponnesus. This documents the subduction of a purely oceanic slab of most reduced buoyancy since 4-5 Myr under the rapidly southwestward extending upper plate continental material. © 2010 The Authors Journal compilation © 2010 RAS. ; This research is supported by the European Union FP6 NEST (New and Emerging Science and Technology)-INSIGHT programme, under project 'THALESWAS RIGHT' no. 029080, as well as national funding of participating institutions that provided also their instruments: IPGParis, CSIC Barcelona, National Observatory of Athens, Univ. Trieste, ETH Z¨urich, as well as that from national pools such C as CNRS-INSU (pools Refraction, Lithoscope and RLBM). IPG Paris contribution IPGP3064. ; Peer Reviewed

The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-019-00055-0 ; Recently, a set of failure criteria based on a multiscale model was developed for fibrous composites. Those criteria used stresses and strains occurring in the fiber and matrix material level. The failure criteria consisted of three failure modes such as fiber failure, matrix failure, and fiber/matrix interface failure. Those criteria were developed for quasi-static loading such that the effect of the strain rate was not under consideration. To model and predict failure of composite materials and structures subjected to dynamic loading, the effect of strain rate needs to be included in the failure criteria. The present work is to revise the former criteria to be applicable to the strain rate dependent composite materials, especially polymer composites. To validate the revised failure criteria, Charpy impact testing as well as quasi-static uniaxial testing were conducted. The test results agreed well with predicted failure loads using the new failure criteria. ; This work was supported by Office of Naval Research (ONR) ; Identified in text as U.S. Government work. ; This work was supported by Office of Naval Research (ONR)

Abstract. In this work we use the multiscale entropy method to analyse the variability of geo-electric time series monitored in two sites located in Mexico. In our analysis we consider a period of time from January 1995 to December 1995. We systematically calculate the sample entropy of electroseismic time series. Important differences in the entropy profile for several time scales are observed in records from the same station. In particular, a complex behaviour is observed in the vicinity of a M=7.4 EQ occurred on 14 September 1995. Besides, we also compare the changes in the entropy of the original data with their corresponding shuffled version.

The paper presents a multiscale analysis of the development of domestic reindeer breeding in the Russia's Arctic regions. The factors that have the strongest impact on the dynamics of the reindeer number at different spatial levels (national, regional, local) are revealed. The reasons for the territorial shift of domestic reindeer breeding in the Russian Federation in the western tundra zone and the reasons for the loss of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug leadership in the reindeer number in the post-Soviet period are established. On the case of the okrug intraregional shifts (on municipal districts) and the factors causing them (economic, political, climatic, social and cultural) are revealed. By the example of the okrug, intraregional shifts (on municipal districts) and the factors causing them (economic, political and institutional, climatic, social and cultural) are revealed. For the first time, information on all reindeer farms in Chukotka was systematized and generalized, which allowed studying the features of the post-Soviet transformation of individual enterprises. The local peculiarities of development of the sector were investigated in detail based on the data of field investigations in the farms of the okrug (the settlements of Neshkan, Konergino, Tavaivaam). It is concluded that the trends of the reindeer number in Chukotka at all spatial levels during the economic crisis were synchronous with the general economic situation in the country, but such a close relationship is not observed in the years of relatively stable development. Intraregional and local contrasts and differences in the sector intensify during the crisis and, conversely, weaken during the period of stabilization and growth. ; В статье представлен полимасштабный анализ развития домашнего оленеводства в арктических регионах. Выявлены факторы, оказывающие наиболее сильное воздействие на динамику оленепоголовья на различных пространственных уровнях (национальном, региональном, локальном). Установлены причины территориального сдвига домашнего оленеводства в России в западную тундровую зону и причины утраты Чукотским автономным округом лидерства в оленепоголовье в постсоветский период. На примере округа выявлены внутрирегиональные (по муниципальным районам) сдвиги и факторы, их обусловливающие (экономические, политические и институциональные, природно-климатические, социокультурные). Впервые систематизирована и обобщена информация по всем оленеводческим хозяйствам Чукотки, позволившая изучить особенности постсоветской трансформации отдельных предприятий. На основе данных полевых исследований в хозяйствах региона (села Нешкан, Конергино, Тавайваам) подробно исследованы локальные особенности развития отрасли. Сделан вывод, что тренды оленепоголовья на Чукотке на всех пространственных уровнях были в годы экономического кризиса синхронны общеэкономической ситуации в стране, но такая тесная связь не наблюдается в годы относительно стабильного развития. Внутрирегиональные и локальные контрасты и различия в отрасли усиливаются в годы кризиса и, наоборот, ослабевают в период стабилизации и роста.

This paper proposes a hybrid multiscale approach to evaluate the fire performance of large multicompartment structures. A probabilistic network model is at the core of the proposed approach, whose inputs, namely the mean durations of the fire phases and fire transmission through the barriers between compartments (e.g., walls or ventilation ducts), are determined beforehand by a zone model, which is detailed in a companion paper and a one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics code. Next, a proof of concept is developed by applying the hybrid approach to different fire scenarios in a full-scale generic military corvette and a four-story office building. The simulation results highlight the strengths and limitations of the proposed approach. Regarding the latter, a field model is used to evaluate how the hybrid approach performs depending on the interaction between the entire building system and its ventilation and the fire. Finally, a statistical study is carried out to produce fire vulnerability and risk maps, ranking the fire compartments according to their vulnerability or propensity to generate serious fires.