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Objective Back pain and neck pain are very common, costly, and disabling. Healthy building determinants within the built environment have not been adequately assessed as contributors to these conditions. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the relationship of healthy building determinants with back and neck pain. Data Source PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and PEDRo. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Studies were included if they met the following criteria: Adults, comparison of healthy building determinants (air quality, ventilation, dust and pests, lighting and views, moisture, noise, safety/security, thermal health, water quality) with back and neck pain, original research, English. Studies were excluded if full text articles were unavailable and if the focus was patient and materials handling or ergonomics. Data Extraction Data extraction and other review procedures were elaborated according to PRISMA guidelines. Data Synthesis: Data were synthesized with an approach adapted from Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine and American Physical Therapy Association. Results 37 articles enrolling 46,223 participants were eligible. Most articles were cross-sectional (31/37) and fair quality (28/37). None were interventional. Evidence was found to generally support a relationship indicating that as healthy building determinants worsen, the risk of back and neck pain increases. Conclusion Although the available evidence precludes interpretations about causality, the study's findings are starting points to guide future research, knowledge creation, and health promotion initiatives about the relationships of the built environment with back and neck pain.

Abstract
Introduction The efficacy of a stabilization exercise for the relief of neck pain remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effectiveness of a stabilization exercise on neck pain.
Methods We searched Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO Information Services, and the Cochrane Library databases through May 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of a stabilization exercise on neck pain. This meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model.
Results Six RCTs are included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the control group of patients with neck pain, a stabilization exercise can significantly reduce pain scores at 4 to 6 weeks (mean difference [MD]: −2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], −4.46 to −0.35; p = 0.02), Neck Disability Index [NDI] at 10 to 12 weeks (MD:− 6.75; 95% CI, −11.71 to −1.79; p = 0.008), and depression scale at 4 to 6 weeks (MD: −4.65; 95% CI, −7.00 to −2.31; p = 0.02), but it has no obvious impact on pain scores at 10 to 12 weeks (MD: −1.07; 95% CI, −3.42 to 1.28; p = 0.37) or at 6 months (MD: −1.02; 95% CI, −3.43 to 1.39; p = 0.41).
Conclusions A stabilization exercise can provide some benefits to control neck pain.

This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to study work stress and prevalence of neck, shoulder and back pain in the different work positions of dental personnel. Subjects were 282 dental personnel of government hospitals in Khon Kaen province. Data were collected by a questionnaire and a 5-dimension work stress test including the patients, working environment, the health system reform, work characteristics and the time pressure. The results showed that the prevalence of neck, shoulder and back pain considering from moderate severity and high frequency of occurrence of pain was 47.9% (95% CI: 41.91-53.88) in 1-month period. Dentists and dental nurses, (48.2%) dentist and patient assistant (47.2%) had neck, shoulder and back pain. For work stress, of dental personnel, the dimension of working environment was the highest (58.2%), followed by the patients (53.5%). When work stress was listed in items, it was found that the top three of dental personnel's work stress items were; dental service unsatisfication, followed by high risk from infection during service and on risk from working with damaged equipment. In conclusion, government hospitals should set up health promoting activities, work safety policy. In addition, those setting programs should be proceeding along the surveillance program of neck, shoulder, and back pain among dental nurses and dentist assistants.

BACKGROUND: Psychological distress/morbidity is amongst the primary reason for the cause of pain at multiple sites, its progression, and recovery. Though still not very clear if physical pain in the neck or the back may predict psychological morbidities or not. Thus, we investigated the association between combined neck or back pain and psychological distress/morbidity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, including 1,003 individuals. The questionnaire comprised of General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and some questions about neck and back pain. Data analysis was done using statistical software SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS: The results of the multivariate analysis revealed a significant positive association between neck/back pain status and total GHQ score (unstandardized Beta = 2.442, P ≤ 0.0001). Having neck/back pain had almost a 2.5 times greater risk of psychological distress/morbidity. Further, females were more likely to have a higher risk of psychological distress/morbidity (unstandardized Beta = 1.334, P = 0.007) than males while adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION: The combination of neck and back pain was significantly associated with the Saudi population's psychological problems. Therefore, the Saudi government needs to devise high-risk strategies and allocate adequate resources to the cause so that at-risk people can be shielded from the adverse complications arising from this condition in the long run.

Background: Students often use gadgets for learning needs for a long time, and most of them do not pay attention to ergonomic body positions and tend to be in a static state. This causes tension in the muscles around the neck and shoulders that triggers point, resulting in myofascial pain syndrome in the upper trapezius muscles. This has an impact on student productivity. Objective: to determine the effect of the combination of progressive muscle relaxation and mckenzie neck exercise on the pain intensity of upper trapezius muscle myofascial pain syndrome in college student. Methods: this study used a pre-experimental design (one group pre-test and post-test). The subjects of this study were KM-HSS students in malang area, totaling 20 people. This research was conducted for 14 days in 2 times a day. The measuring instrument in this study used the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) as a pain scale measuring instrument. Results: this study showed that there was a significant effect before and after being given a combination exercise on pain intensity in myofascial pain syndrome on the upper trapezius with p = 0.000 (p<0.005). Conclusion: There is an effect of a combination of progressive muscle relaxation an mckenzie neck exercise on the pain intensity of myofascial pain syndrome cases of upper trapezius muscle in KM-HSS students in the Malang area.

[EN] Background: Biomechanical measures quantify motor control and functional deficits in Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD), but few studies relate those measures to the clinical scales that are routinely used to assess patients. Most studies are limited to chronic neck pain, and report poor to moderate correlations. Objective: To define a statistical model that relates measures of neck kinematics with clinical scales of neck pain, in WAD patients during the rehabilitation process in the acute phase (less than 3 months since the accident). Methods: 96 WAD patients self-assessed their pain using VAS and NPQ, and passed neck motion tests as part of their rehabilitation program. Four regression models were fitted to analyze the effects of the measured kinematic parameters and subject-specific characteristics on VAS and NPQ. Model errors were compared to minimal clinically significant differences. Results: Multiple correlation coefficients of the models were between 0.74 and 0.90. More than 66% of that correlation was accounted for by subject-specific factors, and most of the other half by the measured kinematic parameters. Range of motion of flexion-extension and axial rotation, and harmonicity of flexion-extension, where the variables most consistently related to the decrease of pain. The error of the models was within the MCSD in more than 50% of the observations. Conclusions: Part of the individual progression of pain and pain-related disability in acute WAD patients, as rated by NPQ and VAS, can be mapped to objective kinematic parameters of neck mobility tests, like ranges of motion, velocities, repeatability and harmonicity of movements. ; This work was supported by funding from European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program, under grant agreement No. 777090. ; De Rosario Martínez, H.; Vivas Broseta, MJ.; Sinovas, I.; Page Del Pozo, AF. (2018). Relationship between neck motion and self-reported pain in patients with whiplash associated disorders during the acute phase. Musculoskeletal Science ...

BACKGROUND: Neck pain is frequent among military helicopter pilots and crew-members, and pain may influence individual health and work performance. The aim of this study was to examine if an exercise intervention could reduce neck pain among helicopter pilots and crew-members. METHODS: Thirty-one pilots and thirty-eight crew-members were randomized to either an exercise-training-group (n = 35) or a reference-group (n = 34). The exercise-training-group received 20-weeks of specific neck/shoulder training. The reference-group received no training. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Intensity of neck pain previous 3-months (scale 0-10). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: additional neck/shoulder pain intensity variables and pressure-pain-threshold in the trapezius muscle (TRA) and upper-neck-extensor muscles (UNE). Regular training adherence was defined as ≥1 training session a week. Statistical analyses performed were intention-to-treat and per-protocol. Students t-test was performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Intensity of neck pain previous 3-months at baseline was: 2.2 ± 1.8 and previous 7-days: 1.0 ± 1.5, and pressure-pain-threshold in TRA and UNE (right/left) was in kPa: 424 ± 187 / 434 ± 188 and 345 ± 157 / 371 ± 170 in the exercise-training-group, and 416 ± 177 / 405 ± 163 and 334 ± 147 / 335 ± 163 in the reference-group, with no differences between groups. Intention-to-treat-analysis revealed no significant between-group-differences in neck pain intensity and pressure-pain-threshold. Between-group-differences, including participants who trained regularly (n = 10) were also non-significant. Within-group-changes were significant among participants with regular training adherence in the exercise-training-group regarding intensity of neck pain previous 3-months (from 2.2 ± 0.6 to 1.3 ± 1.3, p = 0.019). Likewise, within the whole exercise-training-group, neck pain previous 7-days decreased (from 1.0 ± 1.4 to 0.6 ± 1.1, p = 0.024). Additional within-group-changes regarding pressure-pain-threshold in kPa were for the reference-group a reduction in TRA and UNE (right/left) to: 342 ± 143 / 332 ± 154 and 295 ± 116 / 292 ± 121 implying increased pain sensitivity, while for the exercise-training-group only a reduction in left TRA was seen: 311 ± 113. CONCLUSIONS: The exercise intervention did not reduce neck pain among helicopter pilots and crew-members as no significant between-group-differences were found. However, some trends were demonstrated as some neck pain intensity and sensitivity improved more within the exercise-training-group but not within the reference-group. The lack of effect may be due to low adherence since only ~ 1/3 of subjects in the exercise-training-group engaged in regular training which may be due to the self-administration of the training. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: Ethical committee of Southern Denmark (S-20120121) 29 August, 2012. Clinical Trail Registration ( NCT01926262 ) 16 August, 2013.

Chronic pain and disability is common in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD), leading to personal suffering, sick leave, and social cost. The cervical spine is heavily dependent on muscular support and whiplash injury can cause damage to the neck muscles, but diagnostic tools to measure neck muscle impairment and evaluate exercise interventions are lacking. Therefore, the present study investigated ventral neck muscle interactions in 26 individuals with chronic WAD randomized to neck-specific exercise (NSE) or remaining on a waiting list (WL) in 3 months. We performed real-time, non-invasive ultrasound measurements with speckle tracking analysis and calculated the deformation area and deformation rate in three ventral neck muscles. Multivariate statistics were used to analyse interactions between the muscles. After 3 months of NSE, significant improvements were observed in neck muscle interactions and pain intensity in the NSE group compared to the WL group. Thus, this study demonstrates that non-invasive ultrasound can be a diagnostic tool for muscle impairment and used to evaluate exercise interventions in WAD and stands to make a breakthrough for better management in chronic WAD. ; Funding Agencies|Swedish government; Swedish Social Insurance Agency through the REHSAM foundation; Swedish Research Council; Centre for Clinical Research Sormland at Uppsala University Sweden; Uppsala-Orebro Regional Research Council Sweden