Suchergebnisse

In theory, the Conseil d'administration in France and the Senato Accademico and the Consiglio di Amministrazione in Italy constitute the most powerful organs of government within the universities but their actual power can be limited. In fact, they are subject to a number of structural weaknesses. The first arises from their heterogeneous composition. The second is due to the fact that they are compelled to take into account decisions taken by faculty councils. The third relates to the spread of a presidential model of governance in the majority of universities in both countries. Without legislative reform, the Président — Rettore, who embodies the executive function — has a wide range of means enabling him/her to dominate the legislature. Should such a regime be institutionalized? Should additional roles be given to the existing legislative bodies, those of supervisor and evaluator, supported by the power to sanction using a form of 'censure motion'?

This study evaluates the strength of the legislative bodies in three Arab countries both on paper and in public opinion. It utilizes an existent measure, the parliamentary power index, to gauge the strength of parliamentary bodies, before comparing that with public perception. The study asks if the power given to legislative bodies reflects the actual impact on policy from the point of view of Arab citizens. This study uses the questions in the ACRPS Arab Opinion Index on the legislative councils of Jordan, Morocco and Kuwait, in comparison with the parliamentary power index, to make this assessment.

The article presents a selected issues concerning the organization and functioning of legislative bodies and their decision-making, opinion-giving and consultative competences as well as those related to delegation implemented in both legal orders. Discussing the basic elements related to the organization and operation of councils and sejmiki will allow in the final evaluation to propose changes to the model of legislative bodies in the contemporary territorial self-government, which has an impact on their more effective functioning. It will also help strengthen the relations of councils/sejmiki with executive bodies in individual territorial self-government units. ; Artykuł przedstawia wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące organizacji i funkcjonowania organów stanowiących oraz ich kompetencje decyzyjne, opiniodawczo-konsultacyjne i delegacyjne realizowane w obu porządkach prawnych. Omówienie podstawowych elementów dotyczących organizacji i funkcjonowania rad i sejmików umożliwi w ocenie końcowej wysunięcie propozycji zmian modelu organów stanowiących we współczesnym samorządzie terytorialnym, które wpłyną na bardziej efektywne ich funkcjonowanie. Przyczynią się również do wzmocnienia relacji rad/sejmików z organami wykonawczymi w poszczególnych jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego.

The value of consultative democracy can not be overestimated, especially considering the local and supra-local administration gradually bringing the resident closer to self-government communities. Therefore, this issue is important and still requires improvement in the area of mutual relations between self-government authorities and residents of communes, districts/departments, voivodeships/regions. The search for common relations in participating in the management of the self-government community is a current challenge facing the territorial self-government in both legal orders. The comparative perspective in the scope of the functioning of commissions and consultative bodies of an obligatory nature is aimed at getting acquainted with the consultative administration in the territorial self-government in both legal orders and proposing directions of changes to Polish legal regulations in this area to improve the consultative dialogue and its normative tools. ; The value of consultative democracy can not be overestimated, especially considering the local and supra-local administration gradually bringing the resident closer to self-government communities. Therefore, this issue is important and still requires improvement in the area of mutual relations between self-government authorities and residents of communes, districts/departments, voivodeships/regions. The search for common relations in participating in the management of the self-government community is a current challenge facing the territorial self-government in both legal orders. The comparative perspective in the scope of the functioning of commissions and consultative bodies of an obligatory nature is aimed at getting acquainted with the consultative administration in the territorial self-government in both legal orders and proposing directions of changes to Polish legal regulations in this area to improve the consultative dialogue and its normative tools.

The definition of authorities and the order of their acquirement by legislative bodies and executive power are considered in the article. The legitimacy of authorities in case of their acquirement by these bodies as well as the origin of authorities from the Ukrainian nation are under attention. The power considered as a characteristic element of authorities and the local government bodies and their official individuals possess such attribute as authoritativeness. It attests the genesis of this phenomenon, its origin from nation power. Nation as a source of power possesses this power in top extent and as a carrier of sovereignty concentrates main public functions. In civilized civil society they are allocated between country and other institutions depending on domains, on things of competence and on the extent of the obligatory of their authorities. The Main Law of Ukraine defines also the order of government formation. If parliament gets authority concerning the fulfillment of power directly from electors – the citizens of Ukraine, then the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as the as supreme body of executive power receives necessary authority from Verhovna Rada of Ukraine, as it administered to accomplish the laws of Ukraine accepted by Verhovna Rada, having in mind that these laws are not only to define the order of government activity but also to establish its rights, duties and the circle of competence. Hereby, Verhovna Rada of Ukraine delegates the part of authorities received from Ukrainian nation – Ukrainian citizens of all nationalities, expressing sovereign will of nation to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. State power authorities in the domain of executive power along with responsibility for their fulfillment are allocated in order determined by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. However, it is important that citizens of Ukraine can directly accredit the bodies of executive power to fulfill certain functions of state government adopting laws by referendum. Therefore in first case the indirect delegacy of authoritative authorities happens, in another – delegacy is direct. Hereby, the general rule of acknowledgement of the legitimacy of authorities to the body of legislative or executive power, or functionary is that they both acquire authorities on the basis of the adherence of all demands of legislation and act in the manner determined in it. ; В статті розглядаються поняття повноважень та порядок їх набуття органами законодавчої і виконавчої влади. Звертається увага на легітимність повноважень у разі їх набуття даними органами, походження владних повноважень від народу України.

A number of state and local elected officials, legislative bodies, and special commissions have issued findings of widespread discrimination against LGBT people in their jurisdictions, including discrimination in public employment. For example, in May 2007 when the governor of Ohio issued an executive order prohibiting discrimination in state employment based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity, the order included the finding that the "[i]nformation compiled by the Ohio Civil Rights Commission documents ongoing and past discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender identity in employment-related decisions by personnel at Ohio agencies, boards and commissions." Similarly, when the governor of Alaska issued an administrative order in 2002 prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in state employment, the order stated that it was "in recognition of the findings concerning perceived institutional intolerance in state agencies set out in the final report of the Governor"s Commission on Tolerance." And when the governor of Oregon issued an executive order in 1998 prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination it was accompanied by a "Questions and Answers" sheet that stated, "Although existing law may require equality in state employment or services, some homosexual employees or applicants for state services areafraid to assert their rights because they fear discrimination if they make their sexual orientation public. This order is intended to reduce that fear by making it clear that the Governor expects state officials and agencies not to discriminate." Table 8-A summarizes twenty-nine examples of such findings from seventeen different states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawai"i, Iowa, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Utah, and Virginia.

Prepared by the Legislative reference department of the Kansas State library. ; Part 1. The unicameral system - Part 2. The bicameral system -Part 3. Bibliography. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Mimeographed. ; At head of title: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Chemistry, . ; Mode of access: Internet.