Suchergebnisse

The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of flexibility in the labour
market on workers? monetary poverty in 15 European countries in the time
span 2005-2016. We estimate how the labour market regulation index (LMRI)
affects workers? monetary poverty through two empirical exercises: in the
first one, we use an autoregressive distributed lag model and, in the second
one, the generalized method of moments model. The results suggest that
greater flexibility of the labour market is positively correlated with
greater monetary poverty among employed people. The result does not change
significantly when introducing the effect of the economic crisis and the
interaction effect between the economic crisis and the LMRI. Therefore, we
conclude that the outcome should be considered to be noticeable whatever the
macroeconomic conditions occurring in the labour market.

This paper deals with the effects of labour market institutions on unemployment in a panel of 19 OECD countries for the period 1960 to 2000. In contrast to many other studies, we use long time series and analyze cyclically adjusted trend values of the unemployment rate. Our novel contribution is the estimation of panel models where we allow for heterogeneous effects of institutions on unemployment. Our main results are that on the average a tighter employment protection, a higher tax burden on labour income and a more generous unemployment insurance system increase, whereas a higher centralization of wage negotiations decreases unemployment. The strength of the effects differs considerably between countries.

This paper discusses free immigration to regulated labour markets (as in Europe) and to unregulated labour markets (as in the US), and explores the implications for migration flows of collective agreements, employment protection laws, product market regulations etc. It is argued that the European type of labour market institutions prevent wage dumping and restrict major immigration flows to periods of business peaks in the immigration country. Based on the empirical evidence on the differences in institutions, it is argued for instance that the UK and Ireland are likely to be exposed to larger wage effects than for instance Germany and Austria. Labour market institutions are likely to grow more similar across countries and stricter as a consequence of free mobility.

Abstract
There are two important barriers to increasing the employment of older workers under rapid technological change. First, older workers engaged in codifiable, routine tasks are particularly prone to the risk of being displaced by computers and robots. Second, several countries have in place various labour market institutions that encourage early retirement, such as exceptional entitlements or looser criteria for unemployment and disability benefits applied to older individuals. We present evidence that these two factors reinforce each other to push older workers out of employment. We find that older workers who are more exposed to digital technologies face a higher risk of exiting employment and that this effect is significantly magnified when they are eligible for an extension of unemployment benefits until the earliest age for drawing old age pension. Furthermore, we present a simple simulation to illustrate that a policy reform that tightens the eligibility for the benefits extension increases mostly the employment of older workers that are more exposed to digital technologies. Our findings provide an important implication on policies to promote longer working lives under rapid technological change. They highlight the importance of closing institutional pathways to early retirement to encourage employers and older workers to make the necessary investment that would allow older workers to keep up with technological change and work longer.