Suchergebnisse

Desert Peoples -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- 1 Global Deserts in Perspective -- Part I Frameworks -- 2 Theoretical Shifts in the Anthropology of Desert Hunter-Gatherers -- 3 Pleistocene Settlement of Deserts from an Australian Perspective -- 4 Arid Paradises or Dangerous Landscapes: A Review of Explanations for Paleolithic Assemblage Change in Arid Australia and Africa -- Part II Dynamics -- 5 Evolutionary and Ecological Understandings of the Economics of Desert Societies: Comparing the Great Basin USA and the Australian Deserts -- 6 Cycles of Aridity and Human Mobility: Risk Minimization Among Late Pleistocene Foragers of the Western Desert, Australia -- 7 Archaic Faces to Headdresses: The Changing Role of Rock Art Across the Arid Zone -- 8 The Archaeology of the Patagonian Deserts: Hunter-Gatherers in a Cold Desert -- Part III Interactions -- 9 Perspectives on Later Stone Age Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology in Arid Southern Africa -- 10 Long-Term Transitions in Hunter-Gatherers of Coastal Northwestern Australia -- 11 Hunter-Gatherers and Herders of the Kalahari during the Late Holocene -- 12 Desert Archaeology, Linguistic Stratigraphy, and the Spread of the Western Desert Language -- 13 People of the Coastal Atacama Desert: Living Between Sand Dunes and Waves of the Paci.c Ocean -- 14 Desert Solitude: The Evolution of Ideologies Among Pastoralists and Hunter-Gatherers in Arid North Africa -- 15 Hunter-Gatherer Interactions with Sheep and Cattle Pastoralists from the Australian Arid Zone -- 16 Conclusion: Major Themes and Future Research Directions -- General Index -- Index of Archaelogical Features and Subjects.

En 1990, a D'kar (Botswana), etait cree le premier projet d'art a destination des populations san naro du Kalahari: le Kuru Art Project. De ce projet allait emerger un mouvement artistique de portee internationale, desormais connu sous le nom d'art san contemporain. A partir d'une ethnographie detaillee, Entre desert et toile raconte comment l'art est venu a D'kar et a transforme les pratiques et les modes de representation, mais aussi le regard porte sur celles et ceux que la culture populaire avait jusqu'alors fait connaitre en Occident en tant que chasseurs-cueilleurs nomades ou « Bushmen ». Combinant documents ethnographiques et historiques, il retrace les mouvements circulatoires inherents a la creation et a la diffusion de ces œuvres sur les marches de l'art internationaux. Mediations, traductions, rapports de pouvoir: ce livre questionne egalement les enjeux propres a l'ethnographie d'un processus creatif en contexte postcolonial. Comment maintenir une pratique ethnographique sans se retrouver soi-meme engage dans une dynamique qui impose aux images ses propres codes? Et des lors, quelle forme lui donner? Ces questions amenent l'auteure a developper, dans la derniere partie de l'ouvrage, un portrait fragmentaire et sensible d'une artiste du Kuru Art Project, Coex'ae Bob. A partir d'une demarche collaborative, l'ethnologue et l'artiste y proposent une deambulation entre tableaux, plantes, textes et images, ou se dessine une relation intime au Kalahari d'aujourd'hui.

The Khoisan are a cluster of southern African peoples, including the famous Bushmen or San 'hunters', the Khoekhoe 'herders' (in the past called 'Hottentots'), and the Damara, also a herding people. Most Khoisan live in the Kalahari desert and surrounding areas of Botswana and Namibia. In spite of differences in their way of life, the various groups have much in common, and this book explores these similarities and the influence of environment and history on aspects of Khoisan culture. This is the first book on the Khoisan as a whole since the publication in 1930 of The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa, by Isaac Schapera, doyen of southern African studies

The author looks at the traditional Bushmen, their position in Botswana and their position in the international law. Alien inroads on Kalahari Bushmen are discussed. The author believes that growing international recognition of aboriginal rights ougt to help the Botswana government to overcome its unease towards a special development programme for its Bushmen population. (DÜI-Sen)

"Tracking Indigenous Heritage" describes the expierences of the Ju/'hoansi of north-eastern Namibia, who perform their 'traditional' hunter-gatherer lifestyle as a means of generating income. Being constantly concerned with their Intangible Cultural Heritage, they experimentally re-interpret it for the creation of specific staged touristic performances. The children grow up with the regular enactment of traditional culture and playfully practice and r-enact it themselves. After Ju/'hoansi are moving towards a new position inside the nation state. In Living Museums and Cultural Villages located in protected nature conservancies in the Kalahari Desert, the Ju/'hoansi handle their cultural heritage as a basis for self-determination and as a strategy to achieve their claims for indigenous rights.

Still Points is a collection of remarkable and evocative still photographs taken by award-winning nonfiction filmmaker and author Robert Gardner during his anthropological and filming expeditions around the world. Thousands of his original photographic transparencies and negatives from the Kalahari Desert, New Guinea, Colombia, India, Ethiopia, Niger, and other remote locations are now housed in the Photographic Archives of Harvard?s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. This elegantly produced volume presents a curated selection of more than 70 color and black-and-white images made by Gardner between the 1950s and the 1980s. Edited by Adele Pressman, Gardner?s wife and literary executor, and with a foreword by Eliot Weinberger, Still Points both honors an important and influential artist and reveals new dimensions in his work

In this article I explore how documents created in support of ≠khomani San land claimants, located in the southern Kalahari Desert, represent a specific way of knowing that contributes to a socio‐legal construction of "community." The documents that I use in this article have been authored by government organizations and NGOs, and compiled into a single repository of community information. By tracking the use of the termcommunitythroughout the repository, I demonstrate that the term is articulated through and across various fields of knowledge to achieve different social, political, and legal ends. This field of diverse motives, I argue, is neutralized and obscured through the standardized form of the documents themselves, contributing to a socio‐legal construction of community wherein notions of indigeneity are both exclusive and temporally fixed.

Apartheid South Africa's nuclear related activities in Southern Africa have a long history. Apart from, inter alia, the development and existence of at least six nuclear devices, South Africa operated a nuclear test site in the Kalahari Desert on the borders of Botswana, utilised uranium from Southwest Africa (now independent Namibia) as its Class C Mandate and employed a nuclear deterrent strategy in response to Soviet support for Angola and liberation movements in the region. This elicited responses from the so-called Frontline States as well as the members of the Southern African Development Community (SADCC). Therefore, the purpose of this intended contribution is to determine the extent of South Africa's nuclear activities as well as its impact on the region. Based on archival research, the article intends to make a contribution to the study of the region, the evolution of regional integration in Southern Africa and Cold War studies in Southern Africa.

This article will address the relationships among development, nutritional well‐being, and HIV/AIDS in a remote area of southern Africa: the northwestern Kalahari Desert region of the Republic of Botswana and the adjacent Nyae Nyae region of northeastern Namibia. According to the United Nations AIDS Program (UNAIDS) and other organizations, Botswana and Namibia have some of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world. Until relatively recently, however, the HIV/AIDS rates in remote areas of these two countries were lower than the national averages. A major question addressed in this article is why this might be the case. Major transformations have occurred in southern Africa with globalization, economic development, political shifts, migration, and environmental change. While development programs in Botswana and Namibia have had some positive effects in remote areas in terms of increasing access to social and physical infrastructure and, in some cases, to employment and income generating opportunities, the livelihoods and health statuses of some of the people in these areas have declined. This article explores some of the factors that may have contributed to these changes.

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Africa 1 -- Agenda 21 5 -- Amazon River basin 6 -- Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition 9 -- Antarctic Treaty 10 -- Aral Sea destruction 12 -- Asia 15 -- Australia and New Zealand 18 -- Balance of nature 21 -- Bioassays 23 -- Biodiversity 24 -- Biodiversity action plans 27 -- Biomagnification 28 -- Biomes 30 -- Bioremediation 32 -- Biosphere 34 -- Biosphere 2 37 -- Boreal forests 39 -- Brundtland, Gro Harlem 40 -- Carson, Rachel 41 -- Central America and the Caribbean 42 -- Chesapeake Bay 46 -- Climax communities 46 -- Cloud forests 47 -- Club of Rome 49 -- Congo River basin 50 -- Coniferous forests 51 -- Conservation biology 52 -- Convention on Biological Diversity 53 -- Coral reefs 54 -- Cultural ecology 55 -- Darwin, Charles 56 -- Dead zones 57 -- Deciduous forests 58 -- Dubos, René 60 -- Earth Day 60 -- Earth Summit 63 -- Ecological footprint 66 -- Ecology as a concept 67 -- Ecology in history 68 -- Ecosystem services 72 -- Ecosystems 73 -- Environmental education 76 -- Environmental refugees 78 -- Environmental security 80 -- Europe 81 -- European Environment Agency 85 -- Everglades 86 -- Food chains 87 -- Gaia hypothesis 89 -- Global Biodiversity Assessment 90 -- Global Environment Facility 91 -- Global 2000 Report, The 92 -- Great Barrier Reef 93 -- Group of Ten 94 -- International Biological Program 95 -- Introduced and exotic species 96 -- Kalahari Desert 99 -- Land clearance 101 -- Limits to Growth, The 102 -- Lovelock, James 103 -- Marsh, George Perkins 105 -- Mendes, Chico 106 -- Middle East 107 -- Narmada River 110 -- National Environmental Policy Act 111 -- National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act 112 -- North America 113 -- Our Common Future 117 -- Rain forests 119 -- Restoration ecology 121 -- St. Lawrence Seaway 122 -- Savannas 124 -- Seabed mining 125 -- South America 128.

This article is a tentative introduction to the idea of studying the social preconditions of peace by directing attention to a number of actual societies which are peaceful. These societies: 1) do not engage in violence against other groups; 2) have no civil wars or internal collective violence; 3) do not maintain a standing military-police organisation; 4) experience little or no inter-personal lethal violence; and, 5) lack certain forms of structural violence. The societies are: the Semai of Malaya, the Siriono of Eastern Bolivia, the Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari desert, the Mbuti Pygmies of equatorial Africa, the Copper Eskimo of Northern Canada, the Hutterites of North America, and the Islanders of Tristan da Cunha in the South Pacific. Various aspects of these groups were considered: type of economy, cosmology or world view, child rearing practices, conflict resolution methods, and their social control and decision-making processes. The societies displayed a number of commonalities along these dimensions. They are all small, face to face communities with a basically egalitarian social structure. Generally they lack formal patterns of ranking and stratification, place no restriction on the number of people capable of exercising authority or occupying positions of prestige and have economies which are based on generalised reciprocity. Only Tristan and the Hutterites produce a surplus. In none of these societies is there great material inequality between individuals. Sexism and to a lesser extent gerontocracy exist in all groups. It is suggested that it is possible for a society to have social justice without recourse to physical violence.

BACKGROUND: In this multidisciplinary study we present soil chemical, phytochemical and GIS spatial patterning evidence that fairy circles studied in three separate locations of Namibia may be caused by Euphorbia species. RESULTS: We show that matrix sand coated with E. damarana latex resulted in faster water-infiltration rates. GC-MS analyses revealed that soil from fairy circles and from under decomposing E. damarana plants are very similar in phytochemistry. E. damarana and E. gummifera extracts have a detrimental effect on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Stipagrostis uniplumis and inhibit grass seed germination. Several compounds previously identified with antimicrobial and phytotoxic activity were also identified in E. gummifera. GIS analyses showed that perimeter sizes and spatial characteristics (Voronoi tessellations, distance to nearest neighbour ratio, pair correlation function and L-function) of fairy circles are similar to those of fairy circles co-occurring with E. damarana (northern Namibia), and with E. gummifera (southern Namibia). Historical aerial imagery showed that in a population of 406 E. gummifera plants, 134 were replaced by fairy circles over a 50-year period. And finally, by integrating rainfall, altitude and landcover in a GIS-based site suitability model, we predict where fairy circles should occur. The model largely agreed with the distribution of three Euphorbia species and resulted in the discovery of new locations of fairy circles, in the far southeast of Namibia and part of the Kalahari Desert of South Africa. CONCLUSIONS: It is proposed that the allelopathic, adhesive, hydrophobic and toxic latex of E. damarana, E. gummifera, and possibly other species like E. gregaria, is the cause of the fairy circles of Namibia in the areas investigated and possibly in all other areas as well. ; The National Research Foundation of South Africa and the Government of the Russian Federation. ; http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcecol ; pm2020 ; Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology ...