Suchergebnisse

"Reprinted from the Annals of the American Academy of political and social science, vol. XXVI, September, 1905." ; Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Pennsylvania. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The problem of the origins of marine insurance is one of the most complicated and controversial questions in the history of business institutions. One cause of this confusion is the fact that the earliest documentary sources are often ambiguous and lend themselves to widely varying interpretations. The legal writers, who have done most of the research on the early history of insurance, have focused their attention upon certain documents of the late thirteenth and the early fourteenth centuries. As these sources unfortunately give incomplete information, the results of all this research have been rather disappointing. The minute scrutiny with which the legal writers have examined the early documents has produced subtle and brilliant examples of textual criticism but has also given rise to conflicting theories which have confused the issues instead of clarifying them.

Umlenkung

As States and supranational actors increasingly employ economic sanctions to promote security objectives, a recent trend has focused on the regulation of commercial shipping activities. These maritime sanctions have restricted port access for designated vessels, banned the import and export of certain cargo classes, enhanced authorization for vessel inspections, and even justified vessel seizures. Critically, these techniques have also included targeted prohibitions on marine insurance covering designated vessels and cargo. Designed to frustrate sanctioned actors in their attempts to utilize maritime assets for malign purposes, marine insurance prohibitions thwart these efforts and also blunt the ability to generate revenue through legitimate commercial transactions. While such restrictions have been utilized to varying degrees in conflicts of the past, this technique has taken on new life in recent years as hybrid warfare tactics have gravitated toward sophisticated regulation of financial services and maritime infrastructure. Zeroing in on this phenomenon, this article explores marine insurance prohibitions as an instrument of contemporary economic warfare. It first offers historical context highlighting the political developments that led to their adoption as a geostrategic tool and then turns to recent application of marine insurance prohibitions targeting Iran and North Korea. Finally, it evaluates commercial reactions to these restrictions as shipping industry participants have politically mobilized, enhanced compliance initiatives, and attempted to shift sanctions risk in their business dealings.